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Cadaver > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nose area

A 
Nose
Nares
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Hard palate
Soft palate
Pharynx
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2
Q

Soft palate

A

uvula

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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4
Q

Larynx

A 
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Glottis
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5
Q

Neck area

A 
Trachea
Oral cavity
Lips
Cheeks
Tongue
Teeth
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6
Q

more structures

A 
Esophagus
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Thyroid gland
Common carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries
External/internal jugular veins
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
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7
Q

common carotid arteries

A

external & internal carotid

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8
Q

Nasal conchae

A

(superior, middle, inferior)

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9
Q

nasal meatuses

A

(superior, middle, inferior)

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10
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

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11
Q

Neck muscle area

A 
Cricothyroid muscle
Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes
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12
Q

carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve

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13
Q

phrenic nerve

A

C3, 4 & 5 keep the diaphragm alive

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14
Q

nasal cavity

A

1) warms the air
2) humidifies the air
3) partially filters the air

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15
Q

vibrissae

A

Larger particles are blocked from entering the trachea and lungs by nose hairs

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16
Q

conchae (turbinates)

A

are turbinate-shaped which effectively “whip” or “toss” the air in a circular motion as it is inspired into the nasal passages

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17
Q

As the air is “whipped” within the nasal passages

A

many particles will come into contact with the mucus-lined nasal membranes, thereby sticking to the nasal walls

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18
Q

nasal cilia

A

The imminent fate of these particles is entrapment in the mucous coating followed by transportation towards the pharynx (and eventually stomach)

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19
Q

four tonsils

A

the palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal (adenoids) tonsils, the tubal tonsils, and the lingual
tonsils

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20
Q

Tonsils “secondary lymphoid organs”

A

help to trap and kill any viruses that may enter the oral cavity

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21
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

contain crypts, which can readily trap bacteria and mucus, while adenoids are smoother in their appearance

22
Q

calprotectin

A

plays an important role in innate immunity, in palatine tonsils

23
Q

respiratory

A

vagus nerve innervates the larynx, which is necessary for the mechanical function of speech

24
Q

the larynx

A

acts as a vibrator and the true vocal cords, or vocal folds, are the vibrating element

25
Q

false vocal cords (vestibular folds)

A

little to do with sound production, they help close the glottis when we swallow

26
Q

true vocal cords

A

vibrating element

27
Q

glottis

A

space in between the true vocal cords

28
Q

regular breathing

A

vocal cords are open, glottis is large

29
Q

glottis is smaller

A

during phonation, so when air passes through them the folds causes them to vibrate

30
Q

control the tension of the vocal cords

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and cricothyroid muscle

31
Q

metabolism

A

thyroid gland

32
Q

2 hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A

T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)

33
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

stimulate release of hormones for the thyroid gland

34
Q

where does TSH get released from?

A

anterior pituitary gland

35
Q

thyrotropin

A

hormone released by the hypothalamus, that releases TRH, thus stimulating the anterior pituitary to release TSH
thyrotropin –> TRH –> TSH –> thyroid gland –> T3/T4

36
Q

in order to produce thyroid hormones

A

iodine NEEDS to be present

37
Q

colloid

A

follicles within the gland that store a sticky, brown substance, contains thyroglobulin molecules & iodine atoms, BOTH will produce thyroid hormones

38
Q

What happens if the body is experiencing an iodine deficit?

A

goiter

39
Q

how does the goiter, or enlarged thyroid gland come to be?

A

thyroid gland increases in size because it keeps accumulating colloid, but without iodine to complete the synthesis of the T3/T4, no hormones are released.
The brain detects low metabolic functions and stimulates release of TSH from the anterior pituitary, which then acts on the thyroid gland again to stimulate production and release of T3/T4.

40
Q

hyposecretion, or low thyroid hormone secretion

A

metabolism and body temperature would be low resulting in cold intolerance
as well as weight gain, constipation, pale, dry skin

41
Q

hypersecretion

A

metabolism and body temperature would be high resulting in heat intolerance as well as weight loss, diarrhea, flushed, moist

42
Q

decrease in glucose metabolism because of a lack of thyroid hormone stimulation

A

hyposecretion

43
Q

calcitonin

A

third hormone that the thyroid

gland releases, hormone decreases plasma calcium levels.

44
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

increases plasma calcium levels.

targets: the skeleton (directly targeted), kidneys (directly targeted), and intestines (indirectly targeted)

45
Q

PTH causes

A

osteoclast activity (breaking down)

46
Q

PTH tells kidneys

A

to reabsorb calcium and increase activation of vitamin D

47
Q

inactive vitamin D3 (previtamin D3)

A

UV rays combine with cholesterol (kidneys activate it)

48
Q

Calcitrol

A

activated vitamin D, it enhances calcium absorption from out diet in the small intestines

49
Q

directly, PTH

A

causes bones to release calcium and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium

50
Q

indirectly PTH

A

causes reabsorption of calcium in the small intestines by directly stimulating the kidneys to activate vitamin D

Cadaver (10 decks)

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