Chapter 3 Flashcards
Nose area
Nose Nares Nasal cavity Nasal septum Hard palate Soft palate Pharynx
Soft palate
uvula
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Glottis
Neck area
Trachea Oral cavity Lips Cheeks Tongue Teeth
more structures
Esophagus Parotid glands Submandibular glands Thyroid gland Common carotid arteries Vertebral arteries External/internal jugular veins Vagus nerve Phrenic nerve
common carotid arteries
external & internal carotid
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle, inferior)
nasal meatuses
(superior, middle, inferior)
paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Neck muscle area
Cricothyroid muscle Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Pharyngeal tonsil Palatine tonsil Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes
carotid sheath
common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve
phrenic nerve
C3, 4 & 5 keep the diaphragm alive
nasal cavity
1) warms the air
2) humidifies the air
3) partially filters the air
vibrissae
Larger particles are blocked from entering the trachea and lungs by nose hairs
conchae (turbinates)
are turbinate-shaped which effectively “whip” or “toss” the air in a circular motion as it is inspired into the nasal passages
As the air is “whipped” within the nasal passages
many particles will come into contact with the mucus-lined nasal membranes, thereby sticking to the nasal walls
nasal cilia
The imminent fate of these particles is entrapment in the mucous coating followed by transportation towards the pharynx (and eventually stomach)
four tonsils
the palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal (adenoids) tonsils, the tubal tonsils, and the lingual
tonsils
Tonsils “secondary lymphoid organs”
help to trap and kill any viruses that may enter the oral cavity
Palatine tonsils
contain crypts, which can readily trap bacteria and mucus, while adenoids are smoother in their appearance
calprotectin
plays an important role in innate immunity, in palatine tonsils
respiratory
vagus nerve innervates the larynx, which is necessary for the mechanical function of speech
the larynx
acts as a vibrator and the true vocal cords, or vocal folds, are the vibrating element
false vocal cords (vestibular folds)
little to do with sound production, they help close the glottis when we swallow
true vocal cords
vibrating element
glottis
space in between the true vocal cords
regular breathing
vocal cords are open, glottis is large
glottis is smaller
during phonation, so when air passes through them the folds causes them to vibrate
control the tension of the vocal cords
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and cricothyroid muscle
metabolism
thyroid gland
2 hormones secreted by thyroid gland
T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
stimulate release of hormones for the thyroid gland
where does TSH get released from?
anterior pituitary gland
thyrotropin
hormone released by the hypothalamus, that releases TRH, thus stimulating the anterior pituitary to release TSH
thyrotropin –> TRH –> TSH –> thyroid gland –> T3/T4
in order to produce thyroid hormones
iodine NEEDS to be present
colloid
follicles within the gland that store a sticky, brown substance, contains thyroglobulin molecules & iodine atoms, BOTH will produce thyroid hormones
What happens if the body is experiencing an iodine deficit?
goiter
how does the goiter, or enlarged thyroid gland come to be?
thyroid gland increases in size because it keeps accumulating colloid, but without iodine to complete the synthesis of the T3/T4, no hormones are released.
The brain detects low metabolic functions and stimulates release of TSH from the anterior pituitary, which then acts on the thyroid gland again to stimulate production and release of T3/T4.
hyposecretion, or low thyroid hormone secretion
metabolism and body temperature would be low resulting in cold intolerance
as well as weight gain, constipation, pale, dry skin
hypersecretion
metabolism and body temperature would be high resulting in heat intolerance as well as weight loss, diarrhea, flushed, moist
decrease in glucose metabolism because of a lack of thyroid hormone stimulation
hyposecretion
calcitonin
third hormone that the thyroid
gland releases, hormone decreases plasma calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increases plasma calcium levels.
targets: the skeleton (directly targeted), kidneys (directly targeted), and intestines (indirectly targeted)
PTH causes
osteoclast activity (breaking down)
PTH tells kidneys
to reabsorb calcium and increase activation of vitamin D
inactive vitamin D3 (previtamin D3)
UV rays combine with cholesterol (kidneys activate it)
Calcitrol
activated vitamin D, it enhances calcium absorption from out diet in the small intestines
directly, PTH
causes bones to release calcium and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
indirectly PTH
causes reabsorption of calcium in the small intestines by directly stimulating the kidneys to activate vitamin D
