Chapter 4 Flashcards
Spinal Cord
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Dorsal roots (dorsal root ganglia) Ventral roots Spinal nerves Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina
Breasts, anterior/lateral abdominal wall:
Linea alba Rectus abdominis Rectus sheath Tendinous intersections External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis
“Breathing muscles”
Diaphragm (central tendon)
External intercostal
Internal intercosta
Muscles crossing shoulder joint
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor/major Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major
Muscles of neck and vert. column
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum
Muscles of the posterior thorax
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
more muscles
Deltoid Subscapularis Erector spinae Subclavius Innermost intercostals
Erector spinae
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
external intercostal muscles
begin at the vertebrae but do not extend all the way to the sternum
internal intercostal muscles
begin at the sternum but do not extend all the way towards the vertebrae, found in the interior thoracic wall
superficial layer
external oblique
deep to external oblique
internal oblique
deep to internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres major
deepest muscle
quadratus lumborum
There are 4 major groups
prime mover (agonists), antagonists, synergists, and fixators
prime move (PM)
is the major muscle behind a specific movement; for example, the pectoralis major muscles are the PM of arm flexion
Antagonist
“against the leader” as the name implies, works in opposition to the PM
Synergist
work with prime mover muscles to limit any unnecessary movements made during a specific action
Fixators
provide a stable base for the PMs
4 major actions of muscle movements
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
abductor muscle
deltoid
adductor muscle
teres major and minor
triangle of auscultation
landmarks that medical professionals use to target the best area to listen to respiratory sounds, thinnest area of muscle
Flexion
pectoralis major, deltoid
Extension
Latissimus dorsi, teres major, deltoid
Adbduction
deltoid, supraspinatus
Adduction
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Medial rotation
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, deltoid, subscapularis
Lateral rotation
deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
location of triangle of auscultation
bordered by teres major and infraspinatus laterally, the trapezius medially, and latissimus dorsi inferiorly
Ausultation
the practice of listening to organ sounds, usually with stethoscope
shoulder joint is very moble
it is less stable and more prone to serious injuries
rotator cuff muscles
encircle the shoulder joint to provide some stability
Erector spinae
prime mover of back extension
Illiocostalis action
extend and laterally flex the vertebral columns
Longissimus action
extend and laterally flex vertebral columns
Spinalis action
extends vertebral column
Quadratus lumborum action
flexes vertebral column laterally
Illiocostalis
-Iliac crests; inferior 6 ribs
-Angles of ribs (lumborum and
thoracis)
Longissimus
- Transverse processes of lumbar
- Transverse processes of thoracic or cervical vertebrae to ribs
Spinalis
- Spinous process of upper lumbar and lower thoracic
- Spinous process of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Quadratus lumborum
- Iliac crest and lumbar fascia
- Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and lower 12th margin of 12th rib
important skeletal landmarks to know for the muscles of the neck and vertebral columns are:
iliac crests, transverse and spinous processes, vertebrae, and ribs
external intercostal action
Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate the rib cage
internal intercostal action
Draw ribs together and depress rib cage
innermost intercostal action
Stabilizes intercostal space during respiration
diaphragm action
Prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction
external intercostal
- Inferior border of rib above
- Superior border of rib below
internal intercostal
-Superior border of rib below
-Inferior border of rib
above
innermost intercostal
- Superior border of rib below
- Inferior border of rib above
diaphragm
- Inferior and internal surface of rib cage and sternum
- Central tendon
Rectus abdominis action
Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column
external oblique action
Flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall
internal oblique action
Flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall
transversus abdominis action
Compress abdominal contents
Rectus abdominis
- Pubic crest and symphysis
- Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
external oblique
Linea alba
internal oblique
Linea alba; pubic crest; last 3 or 4 ribs
transversus abdominis
Linea alba; pubic crest
pectoralis minor action
Draws scapula anterior and inferiorly; draws rib cage superiorly
serratus anterior action
Rotates scapula
subclavius action
Helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle
trapezius action
Stabilizes, raises, retracts scapula
levator scapulae action
Elevates/adducts scapula
rhomboid major/minor action
Stabilize scapula (“squaring shoulders”)
pectoralis minor
- Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5
- Coracoid process of scapula
serratus anterior
- Series of muscle slips (1-8)
- Entire anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
subclavius
- Costal cartilage of rib 1
- Groove on inferior surface of clavicle
trapezius
- Occipital bone
- Continuous insertion along acromion
levator scapulae
- Transverse processes of C1-C4
- Scapula
rhomboid major/minor
- Spinous process of C7 and T1 (minor) and T2 -T5 (major)
- Scapula
anterior and posterior thorax muscles
costal cartilage, occipital bone, transverse and spinous processes, acromion, scapula (including coracoid process)
Pectoralis major action
Prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm
Deltoid action
Prime mover of arm abduction; involved with arm flexion and extension
Latissimus dorsi action
Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder
Subscapularis action
Chief medial rotator of humerus
Supraspinatus action
Initiates abduction
Infraspinatus action
Rotates humerus laterally
Teres minor action
Same as infraspinatus
Teres major action
Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus
Pectoralis major
- Sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6
- Fibers converge to a short tendon which inserts into intertubercular sulcus & humerus
Deltoid
-Insertion of trapezius; lateral clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
-Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus
Latissimus dorsi
-Indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae,
lower 3-4 ribs, and iliac crest
-Spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Subscapularis
- Subscapular fossa of scapula
- Lesser tubercle of humerus
Supraspinatus
- Supraspinous fossa of scapula
- Superior part of greater tubercle of humerus
Infraspinatus
- Infraspinous fossa of scapula
- Greater tubercle of humerus
Teres minor
- Lateral border of dorsal scapular surface
- Greater tubercle of humerus
Teres major
- Posterior surface of scapula
- Lesser tubercle of humerus