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Cadaver > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

5 major organs involved with digestion

A

the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and stomach

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), other names:

A

alimentary tract or gut

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3
Q

continuous muscular tube that winds through the body from the mouth to the anus

A

GIT

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4
Q

Organs of the GIT

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and anus

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5
Q

Accessory organs of GIT

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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6
Q

Food becomes less complex as it

A

goes through the GIT

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7
Q

activity of the GIT is controlled by

A

chemical and mechanical stimuli

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8
Q

chemical stimuli

A

pH levels or presence of certain substrates

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9
Q

mechanical stimuli

A

stretching of organs as digesta passes through

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10
Q

different mechano- and chemoreceptors are activated, glands within the GIT are either inhibited or activated resulting

A

in increase of digestive juices into the lumen or hormones into the blood

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11
Q

Smooth muscles are stimulated to

A

contract, thus mixing luminal contents (digesta and juices) and moving them through the GIT

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12
Q

gut’s brain

A

GIT’s nerve plexus, called enteric nervous system located in the walls of the GIT

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13
Q

Intrinsic nerve plexus

A

enteric nervous system

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14
Q

the intrinsic nerve plexus communicates with

A

the extrinsic nerve plexus, which is outside of the GIT and relays those signals to the central nervous system

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15
Q

Vagus nerve, pelvic nerves and sympathetic pathways

A

provide connections between the two plexus (intrinsic and extrinsic nerve plexus)

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16
Q

2 common NT that help facilitate signals during different types of autonomic responses

A

Acetylcholine relays parasympathetic signals, while epinephrine relays sympathetic signals

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17
Q

if the vagus nerve or sympathetic signals were severed, could the GIT function?

A

Yes because of “gut’s brain”

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18
Q

if the enteric nervous system were severed, would the GIT function?

A

the GIT would be in a lot of trouble

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19
Q

Gastric secretion, 3 phases:

A

phase 1: cephalic
phase 2: gastric
phase 3: intestinal

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20
Q

Cephalic phase

A

condition response, which means that it is an automatic response to certain triggers

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21
Q

examples of the cephalic phase

A

aroma, taste, sight, and even thoughts revolving food could, begins before food is ingested

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22
Q

primer stage that prepares stomach for the incoming digesta

A

cephalic phase

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23
Q

What is going on during the cephalic phase?

A

olfactory receptors and taste buds send sensory input to the hypothalamus, which then stimulates vagal nuclei of the medulla oblongata within the brain, less than 50% of the total response of gastric secretion

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24
Q

during depression

A

patients are not hungry and have a suppressed appetite, which inhibits cerebral cortex function related to stimulating the parasympathetic centers

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25
Q

Gastric phase

A

at least 50% of the total response, it can last from 3-4 hours

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26
Q

Gastric phase stimulus

A

stomach distension and the presence of food chemicals, & rising pH within the stomach

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27
Q

Stomach distension activates activate stretch receptors

A

which then signals the medulla to send parasympathetic signals via the vagus nerve to the stomach

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28
Q

The presence of food stimulus

A

G cells present in the stomach to release gastrin in the blood

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29
Q

An important hormone that stimulates gastric function

A

Gastrin

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30
Q

if pH becomes too excessive (pH<2)

A

the G cells are inhibited from releasing gastrin

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31
Q

too much acidity can cause

A

damage to the GIT, it is important that the body regulate the acidity produced within the stomach

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32
Q

Emotional stress (any stress) can

A

inhibit gastric secretions because of the subsequent increased sympathetic stimulation that would override the parasympathetic stimulation

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33
Q

Intestinal phase is made up of:

A

stimulatory and inhibitory components

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34
Q

“off switch” phase needed to inhibit gastric secretions

A

intestinal phase

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35
Q

as digesta leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum of the small intestines

A

there is an initial increase in stomach secretions

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36
Q

nutrients

A

lipids, carbohydrates and proteins

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37
Q

as nutrients enter the duodenum

A

intestinal cells release gastrin, G cells in the stomach are stimulated in the same way to release gastrin (from G cells)

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38
Q

Intestinal gastrin

A

will increase gastric secretions and gut motility, but short-lived

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39
Q

as duodenum stretches

A

enterogastrones are released in response to the duodenal destension and these hormones initiate the inhibitory component, thus triggering the enterogastric relfex

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40
Q

the same stimulus for a brief increase in gastric secretion is also the same stimulus that begins inhibiting the gastric secretions by

A

inhibiting vagal nuceli in the medulla (which sends parasympathetic signals) and inhibiting the pyloric sphincter, which simulate enterogastric reflex.

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41
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

A nervous reflex whereby stretching of the wall of the duodenum results in inhibition of gastric motility and reduced rate of emptying of the stomach. It is a feedback mechanism to regulate the rate at which partially digested food (chyme) leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

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42
Q

Cells in the stomach

A

mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells

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43
Q

gastric glands

A

location of cells

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44
Q

gastric pits

A

location of gastric glands, mucosa layer of the gastric tissues

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45
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucous and help coat and protect the stomach lining from its acidic contents

46
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl acid as well as intrinsic factor

47
Q

HCl acid

A

important for breakdown of foodstuffs

48
Q

intrinsic factor

A

is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestines

49
Q

Vitamin B12

A

cannot be synthesized de novo in the body, yet it is still needed for brain and nervous system maintenance as well as red blood cell formation.

50
Q

cheif cells

A

produce lipases and pepsinogen, an inactive form of pepsin

51
Q

Lipases

A

breakdown fats

52
Q

pepsinogen

A

breaks down proteins once it it has been activated by HCl acid into pepsin

53
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

releases hormones such as gastrin, somatostatin, and serotonin

54
Q

different regions of stomach

A

fundus, cardia, body, pylorus

55
Q

cardiac glands

A

located within the cardiac region where digesta enters the stomach from the esophagus, are important for mucus secretion

56
Q

cardiac region contain

A

mucus neck cells as well as some endocrine cells

57
Q

fundic glands

A

found in both the fundus and body, are important for HCl acid and pepsinogen production because the bulk of digesta break down would be occurring in the central portion

58
Q

fundus and body region contain

A

parietal cells and cheif cells, mucous cells and endocrine cells

59
Q

pyloric glands

A

concentrated near where the digesta exits the stomach and enters the duodenum, contain mucus neck cells and G cells primarily

60
Q

gastrin stimulates

A

HCl secretion in the stomach and muscular contractions of the small intestines, its released from G cells

61
Q

Lysozymes

A

released from the epithelial cells of the pylorus and is important because of its antimicrobial activity

62
Q

2 acts of defense in the GIT

A

HCl acid and lysozyme

63
Q

histamine

A

can act as a NT, & is released from enterochromaffin-­like cells activate the parietal cells to release HCl

64
Q

Serotonin

A

causes contraction of the stomach muscle, which aids in digestion

65
Q

Somatostatin

A

stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, inhibits secretions of the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and gallbladder

66
Q

major inhibitor of gastrin and histamine

A

somatostatin

67
Q

a paracrine in the stomach

A

somatostatin, because it signals cells in proximity

68
Q

Liver

A

metabolism and regulation, produces bil

69
Q

bile

A

alkaline substance that emulsify fats, digestion of lipids in the small intestine

70
Q

metabolic role of the liver

A

it receives venous blood from the intestines carrying absorbed nutrients and thus, the liver can metabolize those nutrients.

71
Q

the liver uses what to make bile?

A

cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, electrolytes, bile salts, and bile pigments

72
Q

where is bile stored?

A

the gallbladder until needed

73
Q

Bile salts and phospholipids

A

are the only 2 substances of bile that specifically act on fat emulsification

74
Q

when bile is needed what hormone is released?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK), it stimulates gallbladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relaxation in order to released the bile into the duodenum

75
Q

bile patheway

A

traverses through the Small Intestines, it can;

  • -exit the body via fecal matter
  • -be recycled by being reabsorbed in the ileum
76
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

recycled by being reabsorbed in the ileum in a process

77
Q

if bile is recycled

A

the bile salts can be recirculated 2, or even 3 times during each meal

78
Q

Pancreas

A

conjunction with insulin, the hormone released after consuming a meal that helps regulate our glucose levels

79
Q

pancreatic juice

A

water, enzymes, and electrolytes

80
Q

pancreas alkaline

A

pH 8, helps balance the more acidic secretions exiting the stomach

81
Q

hormones acting on the pancreas?

A

secretin and CCK, stimulate pancreatic juice secretions

82
Q

vagal stimulation in pancreas

A

initiate pancreatic juice release

83
Q

during which phases would you suspect the greatest vagal stimulation on the pancreas to occur?

A

cephalic and gastric phase require vagal stimulation of the pancreas

84
Q

the pancreas releases enzymes that

A

can breakdown every type of foodstuffs; amylases, lipases, nucleases, and proteases

85
Q

amylases

A

break down starch

86
Q

lipases

A

break down fats

87
Q

nucleases

A

break down nucleic acids

88
Q

proteases

A

break down protein

89
Q

trypsin

A

is a protease released into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct through the ampulla of Vater

90
Q

zymogen

A

released in inactive form

91
Q

trypsinogen

A

inactive form of trypsin, once its released into the duodenum it comes into contact with the enteropeptidases of the brush border to be converted into its active form trypsin

92
Q

trypsin can activate

A

its own and other inactive forms and proteases like; chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into active forms chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

93
Q

bile from the gallbladder

A

joins the pancreatic juices prior to entry into the duodenum.

94
Q

Upon hormonal stimulation of CCK

A

the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the cystic duct, the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, then going into the pancreas

95
Q

bile is NOT released in the

A

pancreatic tissues, it joins the pancreatic duct

96
Q

CCK also stimulates enzyme secretion

A

from the pancrease

97
Q

Secretin

A

hormone that initiates bicarbonate is released from the pancreas

98
Q

joining of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct

A

both bile and pancreatic juices are released together into the duodenum.

99
Q

The enterogastrones, or intestinal hormones, that are released during the enterogastric reflex, include;

A

secretin, CCK, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and are released in response to the presence of lipids, the promote secretions of the pancreas & gallbladder as well as inhibition

100
Q

why is inhibition important in enterogastric reflex

A

because now that acidic chyme is entering the small intestines at a steady pace, we no longer need gastric secretions, nor would it be wise to have continued acidic secretions that could overload the small intestines

101
Q

brush border

A

a densely packed layer of microvilli and enzymes that aid in completing the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

102
Q

intestinal glands secrete

A

approximately 1-­2 L of intestinal juice per day, which aid in promoting the slightly alkaline environment (7.4-­7.8 pH) of the intestines

103
Q

intestinal juice

A

contains large

amounts of water and some mucus, but poor concentrations of enzymes

104
Q

trigger for intestinal juice secretion

A

is acidic chyme

105
Q

As the digesta traverses through the

small intestines

A

the foodstuffs become broken down and their nutrient values absorbed through the enterocytes and into the blood stream.

106
Q

vasculature that carry nutrients to the liver

A

superior and inferior mesenteric veins

107
Q

appendix

A

contains masses of lymphoid tissues that aid in immunity and contain bacteria which help recolonize the gut when needed.

108
Q

Large intestines

A

absorb water, temporarily store residual digesta (~12-­24 hours) before expelling it as fecal matter

109
Q

bacterial flora in large intestines

A

result in the synthesis of B complex vitamins and vitamin K, & fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose).

110
Q

epiploic appendages

A

fatty “tags” that attach to the colon, and are especially concentrated in the distal regions of the colon.
-help cushion the colon, play a role in regulating metabolism, and may even carry some immune function

111
Q

haustra

A

“bulges” in the colon that help to swish the residual digesta around to help reabsorb water and any last nutrients that may be present

112
Q

teniae coli

A

longitudinal muscles that run along the midline of the colon and are especially prominent in the
transverse colon, help form haustra by its contraction

Cadaver (10 decks)

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