Lower limb 2 Flashcards
Pelvic girdle is completed anteriorly and posteriorly by what
Anteriorly - pubic symphysis
Posteriorly - sacroiliac joints
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering/leaving pelvis
Greater
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering/leaving the perineum
Lesser
Note where ischial spine is - pg 110
.
What does the sacrospinous ligament connect
Outer edge of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine
List the 4 muscles of the superficial layer of the gluteal region + what 2 actions do these muscles mainly carry out
(there is superficial and deep layer)
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
ABDUCTION + EXTENSION
List the 5 muscles of the deep layer of the gluteal region + what is their main action
Quadratus femoris Piriformis Gemellus superior Gemellus inferior Obturator internus
LATERAL ROTATION
The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles.
What is the iliotibial tract/band
Extension of the fascia lata on the lateral side of thigh
What 2 muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract
Tensor fascia latae and gluteus maximus
Actions of gluteus maximus (2)
Extend hip
Laterally rotate hip
Innervation of gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nerve
Actions of gluteus medius (2)
Abduct + medially rotate hip
Actions of gluteus minimus (2)
Abduct + medially rotate hip
Actions of tensor fascia latae
Assists the gluteus medius and minimus in abduction and medial rotation of hip
Innervation of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae
Superior gluteal nerve
Function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region (i.e. Quadratus femoris, Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior, Obturator internus) (2)
Stabilise the hip joint by ‘pulling’ the femoral head into the acetabulum of the pelvis
Laterally rotate hip
Nerve roots of sacral plexus
Ventral rami of L2-S4
Anterior to which posterior pelvic muscle are the roots of the sacral plexus found
Piriformis
2 main branches of sacral plexus
Sciatic + pudenal
Root value of
- superior gluteal nerve
- inferior gluteal nerve
L4-S1
L5-S2
Other branches of sacral plexus that aren’t superior/inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve or pudenal nerve
Nerve to piriformis
Posterior femoral cutaneous
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus
Inferior to which gluteal muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge
Piriformis
2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve
Tibial
Common fibular
Does the sciatic nerve supply any muscles in the gluteal region
No
Posterior thigh muscles are collectively called the hamstrings - they act on both HIP + KNEE
Name the 3 muscles from lateral to medial
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Action of the hamstringing on
- hip
- knee
Extend hip
Flex knee
Innervation of hamstrings
Sciatic
Knee joint type
Synovial hinge
Which leg bone isn’t involved in knee joint
Fibula
Most important muscle that stabilises knee joint
Quadriceps femoris
What are the 4 ligaments of the knee
Medial/lateral collateral
Anterior/posterior cruciate
The midpoint of the medial collateral ligament is firmly attached to what structure in the knee
Medial meniscus
Why is the attachment of the MCL to the medial meniscus clinically important
Because tearing of the MCL frequently results in tearing of medial meniscus as well
Which cruciate ligament is weaker but prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia
Anterior cruciate
The posterior cruciate ligament prevents what
the femur sliding anteriorly on the tibia
What are the menisci made of
Fibrocartilage
Functions of menisci
Deepen articular surface of tibia
Shock absorption
What is the ‘unhappy triad’ of knee injuries
Lateral blow to knee putting load on MCL –> tears MCL –> tears medial meniscus –> all load put on ACL which then tears
List the muscles that flex the knee (4)
Hamstrings
Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus
Name the muscle that extends the knee
Quadriceps femoris
Innervation of popliteus
Tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
Innervation of gracilis (think - it’s in medial compartment of thigh)
Obturator nerve
Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint
Suprapatellar
Clinical significance of bursa around the knee
Friction between skin and patella can cause the prepatellar bursa to inflame –> distends with fluid and becomes swollen –> prepatellar bursitis “HOUSEMAID’S KNEE”
