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Year 3 - Musculoskeletal > Joints, synovial fluid & cartilage > Flashcards

Joints, synovial fluid & cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

Describe dynamic movements of the skeleton

Distinguish between different types of joints + Link anatomical design to joint functions

Explain the structure + function of cartilage

indicate the mechanisms of nutrition of cartilage

Describe the main constituents of synovial fluid

Indicate the function of synovial fluid
.

A

.

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2
Q

3 types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

What do fibrous joints join

A

Bone to bone

- joint composed of fibrous connective tissue made of densely packed collagen fibres

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4
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A 
Cranial sutures
Periodontal ligament
Interosseus membranes (between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula)
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5
Q

Subtypes of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary cartilaginous (aka synchondrosis)

Secondary cartilaginous (aka symphysis)

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6
Q

What type of cartilage are

  • primary cartilaginous (1)
  • secondary cartilaginous (2)

joints made of

A

Hyaline cartilage (aka articular cartilage)

Hyaline & fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Examples of primary cartilaginous joints

A

Articular surfaces of bones

Epiphyseal growth plate

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8
Q

Examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

IV disc between vertebrae

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9
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

Fibrous capsule surrounding whole joint
Synovial membrane lining inner surface of capsule
Synovial cavity containing synovial fluid

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10
Q

Synovial joints may also contain

A

Articular discs
Ligaments
Bursae

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11
Q

Subtypes of synovial joints

A 
Plane
Condylar (ellipsoid)
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Ball and socket
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12
Q

Features that make a joint stable

A

Shape of articulating surfaces
Capsules & ligaments
Muscles

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13
Q

Describe the cells in the

  • superficial/tangential layer
  • transitional layer

of articular cartilage

A

Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins

Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans, e.g. aggrecan

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14
Q

Percentage water content of articular cartilage

A

> 75%

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15
Q

How does the orientation of collagen fibres change as you go deeper down the layers of articular cartilage

A

From parallel to oblique to more vertical

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16
Q

Glycoproteins

  • produced by
  • what are they
  • protein to carbohydrate ratio
  • example
A

Flattened chondrocytes in the superficial layer of articular cartilage

Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached

More a protein than a carbohydrate

E.g. lubricin

17
Q

Proteoglycans

  • produced by
  • what are they
  • protein to carbohydrate ratio
  • example
A

Round chondrocytes in the transitional layer of articular cartilage

proteins that are heavily glycosylated

More carbohydrate than protein

E.g. aggrecan

18
Q

Function of aggrecan in cartilage

A

Very polar so good at binding to water

19
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) + example

A

long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water

proteoglycans are produced by proteins binding to GAGs

e.g. hyaluronic acid

20
Q

Cartilage is avascular, aneural and alymphatic so how does it get nutrients and remove waste

A

Synovial membrane (synovium) lining the inner surface of the fibrous capsule has a rich capillary network that allows exchange of gases and metabolites between blood and synovial fluid

21
Q

Synovial fluid produced by

A

Synoviocytes in the synovial membrane (synovium)

22
Q

Type A v B synoviocytes

A

Type A

  • look like macrophages
  • remove debris

Type B

  • fibroblast like
  • main producer of synovial fluid
23
Q

Constituents of synovial fluid

A 
Hyaluronic acid & lubricin
Fluid component (from blood plasma)
24
Q

How many hours is synovial fluid turnover

A

around 2 hrs

25
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A

Nutrition of cartilage
Remove waste products
Lubricate–> less friction

26
Q

What are bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction

27
Q

Effect of ageing on

  • synovial fluid
  • water content of cartilage
A

Viscosity of fluid increases –> slows velocity of movements

Water content decreases –> reduces shock absorption

Year 3 - Musculoskeletal (26 decks)

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