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GI - Year 2 > Liver - Structure and Function > Flashcards

Liver - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Upper right quadrant against inferior surface of diaphragm

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2
Q

What are the 2 major lobes?

A

Left

Right

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3
Q

What are the 2 minor lobes?

A

Caudate

Quadrate

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4
Q

What structures enter/exit via the porta on the inferior surface of the liver?

A

Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Ducts
Nerves

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5
Q

What blood vessels go through the porta?

A

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

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6
Q

Which ducts go through the porta?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

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7
Q

What nerves go through the porta?

A

Hepatic nerve plexus

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8
Q

What 2 ducts form the common bile duct?

A

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

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9
Q

What 2 ducts enter the major duodenal papilla?

A

Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct

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10
Q

Whats another name for the major duodenal papilla?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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11
Q

How is the liver covered?

A

Connective tissue capsule

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Small area of liver next to diaphragm with no peritoneum

Covered by coronary ligament

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13
Q

What happens to the connective tissue capsule at the porta?

A

Branches network of septa into the body of the liver for support

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14
Q

What shape does the septa divide the liver?

A

Into hexagonal lobules

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15
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic duct

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16
Q

Where is the portal triad?

A

Located at each corner of hexagonal lobules

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17
Q

Where are central veins located?

A

At the centre of each lobule

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18
Q

Where does the central veins drain to?

A

Hepatic veins –> IVC

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19
Q

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Coronary ligament

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20
Q

What are hepatic cords?

A

Composed of hepatocytes

Radiate out from central veins

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21
Q

What lies between cells within each cord?

A

Bile canaliculus

22
Q

What is bile canaiculus?

A

Open channel that runs up the centre in between cells

23
Q

What are the spaces between hepatic cords?

A

Hepatic sinusoids (blood channels)

24
Q

What type of capillaries does the liver have?

A

Discontinuous

25
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

Bile synthesis
Nutrient storage
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification

26
Q

What is the only nutrient that the gut regulates?

A

Iron

27
Q

What happens when the liver has reached its maximum storage limit for glycogen?

A

Liver converts glucose into other sources of energy (e.g. fat)

28
Q

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile

29
Q

What are the 6 components of bile?

A 
Bile acids
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
Toxic metals
Bicarbonate
30
Q

What do bile acids, lecithin and cholesterol do?

A

solubilise fat

synthesised in the liver

31
Q

What happens to toxic metals in the liver?

A

They are detoxified

32
Q

What does bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralises acid chyme

33
Q

Out of the 6 components of bile, which is not secreted by hepatocytes and what secretes it?

A

Bicarbonate

Secreted by duct cells

34
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown products of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

35
Q

Where does yellow bile come from?

A

Bilirubin extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

36
Q

Where does brown faeces come from?

A

Bilirubin modified by bacterial enzymes to form brown pigments

37
Q

Where does yellow urine come from?

A

Reabsorbed bilirubin excreted in urine

38
Q

How are bile acids synthesised?

A

In liver from cholesterol

39
Q

What happens with bile acid before secretion?

A

Bile acids conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile salts which increases solubility

40
Q

What is secreted bile salts recycled?

A

Via enterohepatic circulation

liver - bile duct - duodenum - ileum - hepatic portal vein - liver

41
Q

What happens when bile is not required?

A

It is stored in the gallbladder and released when needed

42
Q

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the gallbladder?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

43
Q

What is role of mucosa in the gallbladder?

A

Folded into rugae for expansion

44
Q

What is the role of muscularis in the gallbladder?

A

Smooth muscle for contraction

45
Q

What makes up the serosa of the gallbladder?

A

Connective tissue

46
Q

What is the role of the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

47
Q

What happens when the sphincter of oddi is closed?

A

Bile is forced back into the gallbladder

48
Q

What does the gallbladder do to bile?

A

Concentrates bile 5-20 times

49
Q

What is triggered with fat in the duodenum?

A

Release of CCK

50
Q

What does the release of CCK do?

A

Causes sphincter of oddi to relax and gallbladder contracts

Causes pancreatic enzyme secretion and bile secretion

GI - Year 2 (39 decks)

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