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GI - Year 2 > Embryology of the GI > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI Flashcards

1
Q

What gene is a transcription factor for establishing left sidedness?

A

PTX2

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2
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Parietal and visceral mesoderm

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3
Q

How does the gut tube form?

A

From the endoderm lining the yolk sac in the 3rd and 4th week

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4
Q

What membrane closes the gut tube at the cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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5
Q

What membrane closes the gut tube at the caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

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6
Q

What does the allantois form?

A

Urethra and bladder

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7
Q

What does the oesophagus form from?

A

Cranial part of the primitive gut tube

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8
Q

Where does the laryngo-tracheal diverticulum (lung bud) form from?

A

Ventral wall of the foregut

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9
Q

What divides the foregut tube into trachea and oesophagus?

A

Tracheo-oesophageal septum

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10
Q

When does the foregut dilate to form the stomach?

A

4th week

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11
Q

What does differential growth of the stomach create?

A

Greater and lesser curvatures

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12
Q

Why does the stomach rotate?

A

To fit in with other developing organs

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13
Q

Describe the rotation of the stomach

A

90 degrees around its own longitudinal axis
ventral border now LC
dorsal border now GC

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14
Q

How does the stomach reach its final adult position?

A

Anterio-posterior rotation

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15
Q

How is the stomach attached to the dorsal and ventral walls

A

Mesentery called mesogastrium

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16
Q

Which mesentery of the stomach creates the omental bursa (lesser sac)?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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17
Q

What is the duodenum formed from?

A

Caudal part of foregut and cranial part of midgut

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18
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum?

A

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

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19
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Duodenal cap - dorsal mesentery = intraperitoneal

Rest of duodenum = retroperitoneal after fusion of dorsal mesentery with the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall

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20
Q

When does the liver bud appear?

A

Middle of the 3rd week

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21
Q

How is the liver bud formed?

A

Outgrowth of endoderm in the distal end of the foregut

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22
Q

What does the liver bud grow into?

A

Septum Transversum

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23
Q

What is the septum transversum?

A

Mesodermal plate between pericardial cavity and yolk stalk

24
Q

How is the bile duct formed?

A

Narrowing of the connection between the liver bud and foregut (duodenum)

25
Q

How is the gallbladder and cystic duct formed?

A

Ventral outgrowth from the bile duct

26
Q

How is the spleen formed?

A

Mesenchymal condensation forms (end of 4th week) in dorsal mesogastrium near wall
Mesenchyme differentiates forming spleen (5th week)

27
Q

How long does the spleen act as a haematopoietic organ?

A

Up to week 14

28
Q

When is the spleen colonised by T-lymphocytes?

A

Weeks 15-17

29
Q

When do the B-cell precursors arrive in the spleen and what happens after?

A

Week 23

Spleen starts its lymphoid function

30
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

2 buds grow from endodermal lining of the duodenum (week 5)
Duodenum rotates and ventral bud moves close to dorsal bud (week 6)
2 buds fuse = pancreas

31
Q

What makes up the main pancreatic duct?

A

Ventral duct + distal part of dorsal duct

Proximal part of dorsal duct may form an accessory duct

32
Q

How does oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula form?

A

If the tracheo-oesophageal septum deviates incorrectly, then there is an incomplete separation of laryngo-tracheal tube (lung bud)

33
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

If the ventral bud fails to migrate around the duodenum correct
May cause duodenal stenosis

34
Q

What makes up the midgut?

A 
Distal part of duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon
35
Q

How is the midgut formed?

A

Rapid elongation of the gut tube + associated mesentery

‘Primary intestinal loop’

36
Q

What happens to the cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop?

A

Becomes:
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Proximal ileum

37
Q

What happens to the caudal part of the primary intestinal loop?

A 
Becomes:
Distal ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon
38
Q

What must happen for the midgut to reach adult pattern?

A

BOTH rotation and physiological herniation

39
Q

When does rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur?

A

6th week

40
Q

Where does initial rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur?

A

Around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery

41
Q

Describe rotation of the primary intestinal loop?

A

90 degrees anti-clockwise

cranial part of midgut carried to the right

42
Q

What happens as rotation of the primary intestinal loop occurs?

A

Gut tube herniates into the extraembryonic cavity in the umbilical cord

43
Q

Why does physiological herniation occur?

A

Allows growth of gut tube due to lack of room

Massive liver and kidneys

44
Q

When does the abdominal cavity become more spacious and why?

A

10th week

Due to growth, regression of kidney and slower growth of liver)

45
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring from failure of retraction of umbilical ring
Viscera covered by a layer of amnion

46
Q

What is gastrochisis?

A

Herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall into the amniotic cavity through a weak area right of umbilicus
Not covered by peritoneum or amnion
Not associated with chromosomal abnormalities or other defects

47
Q

What happens when remnants of vitelline duct persists?

A

Forms Meckel’s diverticulum

May form fistula or vitelline cyst/ligament

48
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A 
Distal 1/3rd transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper part of anal canal
49
Q

What does the endoderm of hindgut form?

A

Lining of the bladder and urethra

50
Q

What part of the cloaca joins with the terminal portion of the hindgut?

A

Posterior

51
Q

Where does the allantois enter into?

A

Anterior part of cloaca

52
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm at its ventral boundary
Endoderm/ectoderm boundary is the cloacal membrane

53
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

Coeliac artery

54
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

55
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

56
Q

What can 4 anomalies can occur when there is incomplete separation of the hindgut from the urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectoanal atresia
Imperforate anus

GI - Year 2 (39 decks)

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