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GI - Year 2 > Anatomy Overview 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 regions of the foregut from right to left?

A

Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium

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2
Q

What are the 3 regions of the midgut from right to left?

A

Right lumbar
Periumbilical
Left lumbar

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3
Q

What are the 3 regions of the hindgut from right to left?

A

Right iliac fossa
Hypogastrium
Left iliac fossa

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4
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A 
Cervical = (pharyngo-oesophageal) 15cm from incisor teeth
Thoracic = (broncho-aortic) crossed by arch of aorta (22cm from IT) and left main bronchus (27.5cm from IT)
Diaphragmatic = where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (40cm from IT)
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5
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

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6
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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7
Q

What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening of the smooth muscle in the pylorus

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8
Q

What is the function of the biliary ducts?

A

Carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder

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9
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

How much bile can the gallbladder store?

A

Up to 50ml

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12
Q

What artery supplies the gallbladder and where is it found?

A

Cystic artery

Found in the Triange of Calot

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13
Q

What is the Triangle of Calot?

A

Triangle between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver

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14
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Accessory digestive gland
Exocrine - pancreatic juice
Endocrine - insulin + glucagon

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15
Q

Is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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16
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Along the transpyloric plane (L1/L2)

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17
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

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18
Q

Where is the portal vein formed?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas

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19
Q

What would happen if the tail of the pancreas was damaged while removing the spleen?

A

Lifelong diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Mobile haemo-lymphoid organ

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21
Q

What region is the spleen located?

A

Left hypochondrium

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22
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Abnormal enlargement of spleen

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23
Q

What supplies the foregut? = origin

A

Celiac trunk

origin = abdominal aorta (T12)

24
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery - runs along the LC of the stomach
Hepatic artery - supply liver and gallbladder
Splenic artery - runs retroperitoneally along the superior (upper) margin of the pancreas

25
Q

What makes up the midgut?

A 
Small intestine
Most of duodenum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Right 1/2 - 2/3 of the transverse colon
26
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Shortest, widest, most fixed part of the small intestine

4 parts

27
Q

What part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic duct?

A

2nd

28
Q

What is a duodenal ulcer?

A

Inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall (mostly 1st part)

29
Q

What is the difference in colour between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = deeper red
Ileum = pale pink
30
Q

What is the difference in wall between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = thick + heavy
Ileum = thin + light
31
Q

What is the difference in vascularity between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = greater
Ileum = less
32
Q

What is the difference in vasa recta between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = long
Ileum = short
33
Q

What is the difference in arcades between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = a few large loops
Ileum = many short loops
34
Q

What is the difference in lymphoid nodules between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = few
Ileum = many
35
Q

What is the difference in fat in mesentery between jejunum and ileum?

A 
Jejunum = less
Ileum = more
36
Q

What supplies blood to the midgut? + origin

A

Superior mesenteric artery

origin = branch of abdominal aorta (L1)

37
Q

What is the superior mesenteric artery relations?

A

Crossed anteriorly by splenic vein and neck of pancreas

38
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries (main)

Middle colic, right colic and iliocoloic (others)

39
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A 
Left 1/3 of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper part of anal canal
Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra
40
Q

What is the artery of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

41
Q

Name 3 features that make the large intestine differ from the small intestine

A 
Omental appendices (small,fatty, peritoneal like projections)
Haustra/sacculations
Teniae coli (thickened bands of smooth muscle - longitudinal layer)
42
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

43
Q

What are the 5 different appendix positions? + most common

A 
Retrocecal - most common
Subcecal
Pelvic
Postileal
Preileal
44
Q

What is Macburney’s point?

A

Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis

45
Q

What artery is the hindgut’s blood supply? + origin

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

origin = anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3)

46
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic
Sigmoid arteries
Superior rectal artery (terminal branch)

47
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Pelvic part of the gut tube

48
Q

Where is the recto-sigmoid junction?

A

Anterior to S3 vertebra

49
Q

What 2 sphincters are in the anal canal? + difference

A

External (skeletal muscle, somatic nerves)

Internal (smooth muscle, autonomic nerves)

50
Q

What are the innervations of abdominal organs?

A 
Autonomic
Parasympathetic:
- vagus nerve (10th cranial)
- pelvic splanchnic (S2,3,4)
Sympathetic:
- abdominopelvic splanchnic (greater - T5-9, lesser - T10-11 and least - T12)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexus
51
Q

What vein is responsible for drainage of the abdominal GI tract? + how

A

Portal vein
collects low O2 - high nutrient blood from abdominal GI tract (e.g. spleen, pancreas, gallbladder) and carries it to the liver

52
Q

What forms the portal vein?

A

Union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein

53
Q

What is the location of the portal vein?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)

54
Q

What are portocaval shunts?

A

Venous enlargements (varices) during portal obstruction

55
Q

What are 3 sites of portocaval shunts?

A

Anorectal junction = haemorrhoids/piles
Gastroesophageal junction = oesophageal varices
Around the umbilicus = caput medusae

56
Q

What receives most of the lymph from the abdominal wall and organs?

A

Thoracic duct

57
Q

What are the 3 terminal groups of lumbar nodes?

A
  1. Pre-aortic (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) - drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta
  2. Lateral aortic - drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
  3. Retro-aortic - drains the posterior abdominal wall

GI - Year 2 (39 decks)

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