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BECOM Exam 1 > Lipids II > Flashcards

Lipids II Flashcards

1
Q

During oxidative metabolism fats, carbohydrates, and sugars are all broken down to the common fuel molecule _____

A

acetyl coA

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2
Q

which vitamin is CoA derived from?

A

B5 - Pantothenic acid

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3
Q

Leukotrienes are derived from the action of _______ on arachidonic acid?

A

5-LOX

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4
Q

what is CoA’s function?

A

transfers acyl groups by formation of a thioester bond

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5
Q

where are fatty acids synthesized?

A

cytosol

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6
Q

where are fatty acids oxidized?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

what is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of FA?

A

ACC

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8
Q

which enzyme catalyzes acetyl coA&raquo_space; malonyl coA?

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

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9
Q

what inhibits acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

long chain fatty acyl coA

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10
Q

what activates acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

citrate (TCA says its cycle is running really well, make FA)

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11
Q

what is the short term regulation of acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

allosteric regulation and phosphoregulation (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation)

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12
Q

what is the long term regulation of acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

response to caloric intake

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13
Q

what vitamin is essential for acetyl coA carboxylase function?

A

B7 - Biotin

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14
Q

which coenzyme is used in FA synthesis?

A

NDAPH

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15
Q

which coenzyme is used in FA oxidation?

A

FAD and NAD

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16
Q

is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

reductive

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17
Q

is catabolism oxidative of reductive?

A

oxidative

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18
Q

where does FA synthesis get the NADPH it uses?

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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19
Q

which enzymes can oxidize single bonds to double bonds in FA synthesis?

A

FA desaturases

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20
Q

FAs are esterified to ______

A

glycerol

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21
Q

what is the result of FA synthesis?

A

palmitate (palmatidic acid)

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22
Q

which metabolic process creates DHAP (high energy substrate)?

A

glycolysis in the liver and adipose tissue

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23
Q

what is needed to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate?

A
  • NADH

- glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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24
Q

what activates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)?

A

cAMP dependent protein kinase A (in adipocytes)

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25
where is glycerol transferred to in FA oxidation where it can be converted back to TAG or DHAP?
transferred to the liver
26
DHAP can be used in which metabolic processes?
- glycolysis | - gluconeogenesis
27
what do free FA bind to in the blood in order to be transferred to cells?
albumin
28
what do not use FA for energy?
- RBC (no mitochondria) | - Brain (uses glucose/ketone bodies)
29
which enzyme cleaves the final molecule into fatty acyl coA and acetyl coA?
thiolase (coA dependent)
30
where do the FADH2 and NADH from b-oxidation go?
- FADH2 = ETC complex II | - NDAH = ETC complex I
31
how many ATP can palmitoyl coA yield?
129 ATP
32
CoA can be oxidized or used in _______
hepatic ketogenesis
33
what is the most common inborn error of b-oxidation?
medium chain FA-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
34
when the FA has an odd number of carbons, what do the 2 extra reactions generate?
succinyl coA
35
what processes uses the succinyl coA generated from b-oxidation?
TCA cycle
36
3 ketone bodies
- acetone - aceotacetate - b-hydroxybutyrate (3-hydroxybutyrate)
37
what conditions will create high ketone bodies?
- fasting - carbohydrate restrictive diets - starvation - prolonged exercise - untreated DM type I
38
what enzyme is needed to cleave a membrane phospholipid into arachidonic acid?
phospholipase A2
39
2 pathways of Arachidonic acid break down
- Cyclooxygenase pathway | - Lipoxygenase pathway
40
what does the cyclooxygenase pathway produce?
- prostaglandins - prostacyclins - thromboxanes
41
what does the lipoxygenase pathway produce?
leukotrienes
42
what are leukotrienes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes?
eicosanoids
43
eicosanoid function
signaling molecules (autocrine and paracrine)
44
which carbon does the phospholipase A2 cleave at?
SN2 - unsaturated FA
45
what are phospholipases functions?
- Important 2nd messenger - Eicosanoid production - Inflammation - Paracrine signaling - Found in venoms/pathoghens
46
which phospholipase liberates free FA?
phospholipase A2
47
what activates phospholipase A2?
trypsin
48
what is required for phospholipase A2 activity?
bile salts
49
what inhibits phospholipase A2?
glucocorticoids
50
what FA does phospholipase A2 liberate?
arachidonic acid (from phosphatidylinositol)
51
what FA does phospholipase D liberate?
- phosphatidic acid (PA) (from phosphatidyl choline) | - DAG (from PA)
52
where is phospholipase C located?
liver lysosomes
53
metabolism of what type of PUFAs is an omega-6 pathway?
eicosanoid metabolism
54
where do eicosanoids act?
locally (autocrine and paracrine)
55
what are some of the results of eicosanoid action?
- physologic (inflammation) - pathophysiologic (hypersensitivity) - renal/smooth muscle function - platelet homeostasis
56
how are eicosanoids different from hormones?
hormones are endocrine (longer acting), eicosanoids are local because it involves FA instead of proteins
57
what do NSAIDs inhibit?
COX2
58
which enzyme uses O2 and converts arachidonic acid to PGG2?
cyclooxygenase
59
which enzyme uses GSH and converts PGG2 to PGH2?
peroxidase
60
which prostaglandin is a major pro-inflammatory (inflammatory cytokines) prostaglandin?
PGE2
61
where are high levels of PGE2 made?
- macrophages | - monocytes
62
what makes PGE2?
COX-II
63
which prostaglandin is a direct vasodilator?
PGE2
64
what are the symptoms of PGE2?
- swelling - heat - redness - painful (hyperalgesia) - fever (hypothalamic action)
65
why does PGE2 cause pain?
inhibits noradrenaline release from sympathetic terminals
66
what can you use to treat PGE2 action?
NSAIDS
67
which medication uses PGE2 to induce uterine contractions or abortion?
Dinoprostane
68
what makes TXA2 (thromboxane A2)?
COX-I
69
which prostaglandin promotes adherence and aggregation of circulating platelets, and contraction of vascular smooth muscle?
TXA2
70
what makes PGI2 (prostacyclin)?
COX-II
71
where is TXA2 made?
activated platelets
72
where is PGI2 made?
vascular endothelial cells
73
which prostaglandin inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates vasodilation?
PGI2
74
which COX is facultatively expressed?
COX-II
75
which COX is constitutively expressed?
COX-I
76
overall function of COX-I?
- protects stomach lining | - platelet aggregation
77
which COX-II medication was taken off the market due to increased risk of heart attacks and strokes?
Rofecoxib (Vioxx)
78
what do NSAIDs do to fetuses?
- premature closure of fetal arteriosus | - kidney ischemia
79
which prostaglandins are mediators of allergic response and inflammation?
leukotrienes
80
which prostaglandin are not directly affected by NSAIDs?
leukotrienes
81
what FA makes leukotrienes?
arachidonic acid
82
which leukotrienes are important for asthma drugs?
cyestinyl-leukotrienes CysLT1 CysLT2
83
what do montelekast, zafirukast, and pranlukast do?
block the receptors for CysLT1, CysLT2, GPR17/LTE4R
84
leukotrienes and asthma
- 5LOX inhibitors | - LTR antagonists
85
sources of omega-3
- fish/seafood - flax oil - dark leafy vegetables - olive oil
86
what is a moderately good COX-II substrate instead of arachidonic acid?
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
87
how does EPA act?
- inhibits COX-I binding from binding to arachidonic - inhibits delta-5-desaturase creates anti-inflammatory prostaglandins
88
which omega pathway is EPA in?
omega 3
89
what does red wine moderately inhibit?
COX and LOX

BECOM Exam 1 (13 decks)

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