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BECOM Exam 1 > Lipids II > Flashcards

Lipids II Flashcards

1
Q

During oxidative metabolism fats, carbohydrates, and sugars are all broken down to the common fuel molecule _____

A

acetyl coA

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2
Q

which vitamin is CoA derived from?

A

B5 - Pantothenic acid

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3
Q

Leukotrienes are derived from the action of _______ on arachidonic acid?

A

5-LOX

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4
Q

what is CoA’s function?

A

transfers acyl groups by formation of a thioester bond

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5
Q

where are fatty acids synthesized?

A

cytosol

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6
Q

where are fatty acids oxidized?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

what is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of FA?

A

ACC

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8
Q

which enzyme catalyzes acetyl coA&raquo_space; malonyl coA?

A

acetyl coA carboxylase

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9
Q

what inhibits acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

long chain fatty acyl coA

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10
Q

what activates acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

citrate (TCA says its cycle is running really well, make FA)

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11
Q

what is the short term regulation of acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

allosteric regulation and phosphoregulation (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation)

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12
Q

what is the long term regulation of acetyl coA carboxylase?

A

response to caloric intake

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13
Q

what vitamin is essential for acetyl coA carboxylase function?

A

B7 - Biotin

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14
Q

which coenzyme is used in FA synthesis?

A

NDAPH

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15
Q

which coenzyme is used in FA oxidation?

A

FAD and NAD

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16
Q

is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

reductive

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17
Q

is catabolism oxidative of reductive?

A

oxidative

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18
Q

where does FA synthesis get the NADPH it uses?

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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19
Q

which enzymes can oxidize single bonds to double bonds in FA synthesis?

A

FA desaturases

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20
Q

FAs are esterified to ______

A

glycerol

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21
Q

what is the result of FA synthesis?

A

palmitate (palmatidic acid)

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22
Q

which metabolic process creates DHAP (high energy substrate)?

A

glycolysis in the liver and adipose tissue

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23
Q

what is needed to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate?

A
  • NADH

- glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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24
Q

what activates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)?

A

cAMP dependent protein kinase A (in adipocytes)

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25
Q

where is glycerol transferred to in FA oxidation where it can be converted back to TAG or DHAP?

A

transferred to the liver

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26
Q

DHAP can be used in which metabolic processes?

A
  • glycolysis

- gluconeogenesis

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27
Q

what do free FA bind to in the blood in order to be transferred to cells?

A

albumin

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28
Q

what do not use FA for energy?

A
  • RBC (no mitochondria)

- Brain (uses glucose/ketone bodies)

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29
Q

which enzyme cleaves the final molecule into fatty acyl coA and acetyl coA?

A

thiolase (coA dependent)

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30
Q

where do the FADH2 and NADH from b-oxidation go?

A
  • FADH2 = ETC complex II

- NDAH = ETC complex I

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31
Q

how many ATP can palmitoyl coA yield?

A

129 ATP

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32
Q

CoA can be oxidized or used in _______

A

hepatic ketogenesis

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33
Q

what is the most common inborn error of b-oxidation?

A

medium chain FA-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency

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34
Q

when the FA has an odd number of carbons, what do the 2 extra reactions generate?

A

succinyl coA

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35
Q

what processes uses the succinyl coA generated from b-oxidation?

A

TCA cycle

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36
Q

3 ketone bodies

A
  • acetone
  • aceotacetate
  • b-hydroxybutyrate (3-hydroxybutyrate)
37
Q

what conditions will create high ketone bodies?

A
  • fasting
  • carbohydrate restrictive diets
  • starvation
  • prolonged exercise
  • untreated DM type I
38
Q

what enzyme is needed to cleave a membrane phospholipid into arachidonic acid?

A

phospholipase A2

39
Q

2 pathways of Arachidonic acid break down

A
  • Cyclooxygenase pathway

- Lipoxygenase pathway

40
Q

what does the cyclooxygenase pathway produce?

A
  • prostaglandins
  • prostacyclins
  • thromboxanes
41
Q

what does the lipoxygenase pathway produce?

A

leukotrienes

42
Q

what are leukotrienes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes?

A

eicosanoids

43
Q

eicosanoid function

A

signaling molecules (autocrine and paracrine)

44
Q

which carbon does the phospholipase A2 cleave at?

A

SN2 - unsaturated FA

45
Q

what are phospholipases functions?

A
  • Important 2nd messenger
  • Eicosanoid production
  • Inflammation
  • Paracrine signaling
  • Found in venoms/pathoghens
46
Q

which phospholipase liberates free FA?

A

phospholipase A2

47
Q

what activates phospholipase A2?

A

trypsin

48
Q

what is required for phospholipase A2 activity?

A

bile salts

49
Q

what inhibits phospholipase A2?

A

glucocorticoids

50
Q

what FA does phospholipase A2 liberate?

A

arachidonic acid (from phosphatidylinositol)

51
Q

what FA does phospholipase D liberate?

A
  • phosphatidic acid (PA) (from phosphatidyl choline)

- DAG (from PA)

52
Q

where is phospholipase C located?

A

liver lysosomes

53
Q

metabolism of what type of PUFAs is an omega-6 pathway?

A

eicosanoid metabolism

54
Q

where do eicosanoids act?

A

locally (autocrine and paracrine)

55
Q

what are some of the results of eicosanoid action?

A
  • physologic (inflammation)
  • pathophysiologic (hypersensitivity)
  • renal/smooth muscle function
  • platelet homeostasis
56
Q

how are eicosanoids different from hormones?

A

hormones are endocrine (longer acting), eicosanoids are local because it involves FA instead of proteins

57
Q

what do NSAIDs inhibit?

A

COX2

58
Q

which enzyme uses O2 and converts arachidonic acid to PGG2?

A

cyclooxygenase

59
Q

which enzyme uses GSH and converts PGG2 to PGH2?

A

peroxidase

60
Q

which prostaglandin is a major pro-inflammatory (inflammatory cytokines) prostaglandin?

A

PGE2

61
Q

where are high levels of PGE2 made?

A
  • macrophages

- monocytes

62
Q

what makes PGE2?

A

COX-II

63
Q

which prostaglandin is a direct vasodilator?

A

PGE2

64
Q

what are the symptoms of PGE2?

A
  • swelling
  • heat
  • redness
  • painful (hyperalgesia)
  • fever (hypothalamic action)
65
Q

why does PGE2 cause pain?

A

inhibits noradrenaline release from sympathetic terminals

66
Q

what can you use to treat PGE2 action?

A

NSAIDS

67
Q

which medication uses PGE2 to induce uterine contractions or abortion?

A

Dinoprostane

68
Q

what makes TXA2 (thromboxane A2)?

A

COX-I

69
Q

which prostaglandin promotes adherence and aggregation of circulating platelets, and contraction of vascular smooth muscle?

A

TXA2

70
Q

what makes PGI2 (prostacyclin)?

A

COX-II

71
Q

where is TXA2 made?

A

activated platelets

72
Q

where is PGI2 made?

A

vascular endothelial cells

73
Q

which prostaglandin inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates vasodilation?

A

PGI2

74
Q

which COX is facultatively expressed?

A

COX-II

75
Q

which COX is constitutively expressed?

A

COX-I

76
Q

overall function of COX-I?

A
  • protects stomach lining

- platelet aggregation

77
Q

which COX-II medication was taken off the market due to increased risk of heart attacks and strokes?

A

Rofecoxib (Vioxx)

78
Q

what do NSAIDs do to fetuses?

A
  • premature closure of fetal arteriosus

- kidney ischemia

79
Q

which prostaglandins are mediators of allergic response and inflammation?

A

leukotrienes

80
Q

which prostaglandin are not directly affected by NSAIDs?

A

leukotrienes

81
Q

what FA makes leukotrienes?

A

arachidonic acid

82
Q

which leukotrienes are important for asthma drugs?

A

cyestinyl-leukotrienes

CysLT1
CysLT2

83
Q

what do montelekast, zafirukast, and pranlukast do?

A

block the receptors for CysLT1, CysLT2, GPR17/LTE4R

84
Q

leukotrienes and asthma

A
  • 5LOX inhibitors

- LTR antagonists

85
Q

sources of omega-3

A
  • fish/seafood
  • flax oil
  • dark leafy vegetables
  • olive oil
86
Q

what is a moderately good COX-II substrate instead of arachidonic acid?

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

87
Q

how does EPA act?

A
  • inhibits COX-I binding from binding to arachidonic
  • inhibits delta-5-desaturase

creates anti-inflammatory prostaglandins

88
Q

which omega pathway is EPA in?

A

omega 3

89
Q

what does red wine moderately inhibit?

A

COX and LOX

BECOM Exam 1 (13 decks)

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