Carbs

Question 1

monosaccharide functional definition

Answer 1

polyhyroxy aldehyde/ketone

Question 2

complete combustion of glucose yields ___, ____, ___

Answer 2

CO2, H20, Energy

Question 3

what does chewing do?

Answer 3

maximize the surface area to maximize the substrate:enzyme ratio

Question 4

what link does salivary amylase cleave?

Answer 4

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 5

what type of enzyme is salivary amylase?

Answer 5

hydrolase

Question 6

what is the product of salivary amylase?

Answer 6

dextrins (linear and branched oligosaccharides)

Question 7

what link does pancreatic amylase cleave?

Answer 7

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 8

what is the product of pancreatic amylase?

Answer 8

• disaccharides (maltose and isomaltose)
• trisaccharides (maltotriose)
• oligosaccharides (limit dextrins)

Question 9

where are the disaccharidases attached?

Answer 9

brush border or intestinal epithelial cells

Question 10

what link does sucrase-isomutase cleave?

Answer 10

a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

Question 11

what link does lactase cleave?

Answer 11

b-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 12

what link does sucrase cleave?

Answer 12

a-1,2 glycosidic linkages

Question 13

what is the most important simple carbohydrate in human metabolism?

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

what causes an inherited deficiency of any of several enzymes needed to metabolize glucose?

Answer 14

galactosemias

Question 15

what carbs are integral components of RNA and DNA?

Answer 15

• ribose

- 2-deoxyribose

Question 16

Is lactose a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

Answer 16

reducing

Question 17

Is sucrose a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

Answer 17

non-reducing

Question 18

which sugar is table sugar?

Answer 18

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Question 19

Did lactose or sucrose show a red precipitate with Fehling’s reaction?

Answer 19

lactose

Question 20

why does bloating occur with lactose intolerance?

Answer 20

osmotic effect increases causing increased fluid load

Question 21

which populations in the US have the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

Answer 21

Asians
American Indians
Black Americans

Question 22

which population in the world have the lowest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

Answer 22

dutch

Question 23

what is the link bond for glycogen?

Answer 23

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 24

what is the branch link for glycogen?

Answer 24

a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

Question 25

how many residues for glycogen?

Answer 25

8-12 residues

Question 26

advantages of storing glucose in glycogen form

Answer 26

- decreases osmotic effect | - branch permits rapid glucose release

Question 27

how does the glycogen branching permit rapid glucose release?

Answer 27

degradative enzymes can act on each non-reducing end simultaneously

Question 28

Is glycogen reducing or non-reducing?

Answer 28

non-reducing

Question 29

what kind of linkage is fiber?

Answer 29

b-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 30

what 2 parts of the body can degrade glycogen?

Answer 30

muscle and liver

Question 31

which part of the body is selfish with glycogen degradation?

Answer 31

muscle - uses produced ATP for its own benefit

Question 32

which part of the body is generous with glycogen degradation?

Answer 32

Liver - sends produced glucose to blood to go to other parts of the body

Question 33

where is starch found?

Answer 33

plants

Question 34

2 types of starch

Answer 34

amylose and amylopectin

Question 35

what kind of links does amylose have?

Answer 35

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 36

what kind of links does amylopectin have?

Answer 36

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Question 37

what kind of branch links does amylopectin have?

Answer 37

a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

Question 38

how many residues for amylopectin?

Answer 38

24-30 residues

Question 39

what are known as complex carbs with a low glycemic index because they take time to hydrolyze and get back into monosaccharide form?

Answer 39

amylose and amylopectin

Question 40

what are examples of non-digestible carbs?

Answer 40

- cellulose (insoluble fiber) - hemicellulose (insoluble fiber) - pectins (soluble fiber) - gums (soluble fiber) - mucilages (soluble fiber)

Question 41

how can fiber help decrease cholesterol?

Answer 41

fiber helps bind other molecules like cholesterol and excreting in the stool >> decreases overall cholesterol

Question 42

which GLUT is in the small intestine and kidney?

Answer 42

SGLT

Question 43

which GLUT is in the liver and pancreatic b-cells?

Answer 43

GLUT2

Question 44

which GLUT is in the skeletal muscle and adipose?

Answer 44

GLUT4

Question 45

which GLUT is in the brain (neurons)?

Answer 45

GLUT3

Question 46

which GLUT is in the RBC and cells with barrier function (brain, retina, placenta, testis)?

Answer 46

GLUT1

Question 47

which GLUT is in the intestine luminal epithelium and sperm?

Answer 47

GLUT5

Question 48

which GLUT has a high Km for glucose (low affinity)?

Answer 48

GLUT2

Question 49

when does GLUT2 transport glucose?

Answer 49

only in high concentrations of glucose

Question 50

which GLUT has a low Km for glucose (high affinity)?

Answer 50

GLUT3 and GLUT4

Question 51

which GLUT allows low blood glucose to be reserved for neurons which can only utilize glucose for energy production?

Answer 51

GLUT3

Question 52

which GLUT has high transport capacity (high effective Vmax)?

Answer 52

GLUT2 (takes glucose in very rapidly because it needs to take advantage of it fast)

Question 53

which part of the body wants glucose really really bad?

Answer 53

brain - GLUT3

Question 54

which GLUT is insulin-responsive?

Answer 54

GLUT4 (exercise induced)

Question 55

why does GLUT4 have a low Km for glucose (high affinity)?

Answer 55

when insulin increases, glucose needs to be transported to: - adipose cells for FA synthesis - glycerol for glycolysis for TAG synthesis - skeletal muscle cells for glycolysis and glycogen storage

Question 56

which GLUT transports fructose?

Answer 56

GLUT5

Question 57

what is the change in the rotation of plane-polarized light resulting from the equilibrium between cyclic anomie's and the open chain form of a sugar?

Answer 57

mutarotation

Question 58

how does a glucometer work?

Answer 58

as glucose opens up, aldehyde gets exposed, giving it an oxidizing agent will turn it into carboxylic acid and reduced coenzyme with a free radical that a computer can detect

Question 59

oxidizing agent gets ______ and _____ something else

Answer 59

oxidizing agent gets OXIDIZED and REDUCES something else