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BECOM Exam 1 > Carbs > Flashcards

Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

monosaccharide functional definition

A

polyhyroxy aldehyde/ketone

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2
Q

complete combustion of glucose yields ___, ____, ___

A

CO2, H20, Energy

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3
Q

what does chewing do?

A

maximize the surface area to maximize the substrate:enzyme ratio

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4
Q

what link does salivary amylase cleave?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

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5
Q

what type of enzyme is salivary amylase?

A

hydrolase

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6
Q

what is the product of salivary amylase?

A

dextrins (linear and branched oligosaccharides)

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7
Q

what link does pancreatic amylase cleave?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

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8
Q

what is the product of pancreatic amylase?

A
  • disaccharides (maltose and isomaltose)
  • trisaccharides (maltotriose)
  • oligosaccharides (limit dextrins)
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9
Q

where are the disaccharidases attached?

A

brush border or intestinal epithelial cells

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10
Q

what link does sucrase-isomutase cleave?

A

a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

what link does lactase cleave?

A

b-1,4 glycosidic linkages

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12
Q

what link does sucrase cleave?

A

a-1,2 glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

what is the most important simple carbohydrate in human metabolism?

A

glucose

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14
Q

what causes an inherited deficiency of any of several enzymes needed to metabolize glucose?

A

galactosemias

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15
Q

what carbs are integral components of RNA and DNA?

A
  • ribose

- 2-deoxyribose

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16
Q

Is lactose a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

A

reducing

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17
Q

Is sucrose a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

A

non-reducing

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18
Q

which sugar is table sugar?

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

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19
Q

Did lactose or sucrose show a red precipitate with Fehling’s reaction?

A

lactose

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20
Q

why does bloating occur with lactose intolerance?

A

osmotic effect increases causing increased fluid load

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21
Q

which populations in the US have the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

A

Asians
American Indians
Black Americans

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22
Q

which population in the world have the lowest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

A

dutch

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23
Q

what is the link bond for glycogen?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

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24
Q

what is the branch link for glycogen?

A

a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

25
Q

how many residues for glycogen?

A

8-12 residues

26
Q

advantages of storing glucose in glycogen form

A
  • decreases osmotic effect

- branch permits rapid glucose release

27
Q

how does the glycogen branching permit rapid glucose release?

A

degradative enzymes can act on each non-reducing end simultaneously

28
Q

Is glycogen reducing or non-reducing?

A

non-reducing

29
Q

what kind of linkage is fiber?

A

b-1,4 glycosidic linkages

30
Q

what 2 parts of the body can degrade glycogen?

A

muscle and liver

31
Q

which part of the body is selfish with glycogen degradation?

A

muscle - uses produced ATP for its own benefit

32
Q

which part of the body is generous with glycogen degradation?

A

Liver - sends produced glucose to blood to go to other parts of the body

33
Q

where is starch found?

A

plants

34
Q

2 types of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

35
Q

what kind of links does amylose have?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

36
Q

what kind of links does amylopectin have?

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

37
Q

what kind of branch links does amylopectin have?

A

a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

38
Q

how many residues for amylopectin?

A

24-30 residues

39
Q

what are known as complex carbs with a low glycemic index because they take time to hydrolyze and get back into monosaccharide form?

A

amylose and amylopectin

40
Q

what are examples of non-digestible carbs?

A
  • cellulose (insoluble fiber)
  • hemicellulose (insoluble fiber)
  • pectins (soluble fiber)
  • gums (soluble fiber)
  • mucilages (soluble fiber)
41
Q

how can fiber help decrease cholesterol?

A

fiber helps bind other molecules like cholesterol and excreting in the stool&raquo_space; decreases overall cholesterol

42
Q

which GLUT is in the small intestine and kidney?

A

SGLT

43
Q

which GLUT is in the liver and pancreatic b-cells?

A

GLUT2

44
Q

which GLUT is in the skeletal muscle and adipose?

A

GLUT4

45
Q

which GLUT is in the brain (neurons)?

A

GLUT3

46
Q

which GLUT is in the RBC and cells with barrier function (brain, retina, placenta, testis)?

A

GLUT1

47
Q

which GLUT is in the intestine luminal epithelium and sperm?

A

GLUT5

48
Q

which GLUT has a high Km for glucose (low affinity)?

A

GLUT2

49
Q

when does GLUT2 transport glucose?

A

only in high concentrations of glucose

50
Q

which GLUT has a low Km for glucose (high affinity)?

A

GLUT3 and GLUT4

51
Q

which GLUT allows low blood glucose to be reserved for neurons which can only utilize glucose for energy production?

A

GLUT3

52
Q

which GLUT has high transport capacity (high effective Vmax)?

A

GLUT2 (takes glucose in very rapidly because it needs to take advantage of it fast)

53
Q

which part of the body wants glucose really really bad?

A

brain - GLUT3

54
Q

which GLUT is insulin-responsive?

A

GLUT4 (exercise induced)

55
Q

why does GLUT4 have a low Km for glucose (high affinity)?

A

when insulin increases, glucose needs to be transported to:

  • adipose cells for FA synthesis
  • glycerol for glycolysis for TAG synthesis
  • skeletal muscle cells for glycolysis and glycogen storage
56
Q

which GLUT transports fructose?

A

GLUT5

57
Q

what is the change in the rotation of plane-polarized light resulting from the equilibrium between cyclic anomie’s and the open chain form of a sugar?

A

mutarotation

58
Q

how does a glucometer work?

A

as glucose opens up, aldehyde gets exposed, giving it an oxidizing agent will turn it into carboxylic acid and reduced coenzyme with a free radical that a computer can detect

59
Q

oxidizing agent gets ______ and _____ something else

A

oxidizing agent gets OXIDIZED and REDUCES something else

BECOM Exam 1 (13 decks)

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