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BECOM Exam 1 > Lipids I > Flashcards

Lipids I Flashcards

1
Q

what is not typically found in a phospholipid?

A

cholesteryl ester

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2
Q

In a patient with high cholesterol, gallstones, and chronic deficiency of fat soluble vitamins which enzyme is involved?

A

cholesterol 7-hydroxylase

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3
Q

common name for methanoic acid

A

formic acid

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4
Q

common name for ethanoic acid

A

acetic acid

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5
Q

common name for propanoic acid

A

propionic acid

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6
Q

common name for butanoic acid

A

butyric acid

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7
Q

common name for pentanoic acid

A

valeric acid

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8
Q

common name for octadecanoic acid

A

steric acid

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9
Q

Is palmitic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated

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10
Q

Is arachidonic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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11
Q

does saturated or unsaturated FA have higher mp?

A

saturated

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12
Q

does saturated or unsaturated FA have lower mp?

A

unsaturated

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13
Q

why do saturated FA have higher mp?

A

harder to break up their consistency because no kinks

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14
Q

what forces hold long hydrocarbons together?

A

VDW

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15
Q

what effects do kinks have on the membrane?

A

change:

  • packing
  • density
  • mp
  • fluidity
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16
Q

how do trans fats cause atherosclerosis?

A
  • pack together
  • form grease glob
  • decreases HDL/LDL ratio
  • impairs normal PUFA metabolism
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17
Q

FA functions

A
  • energy stores

- structural substrates

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18
Q

what makes up a TAG?

A

3 FA + esters of glycerol

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19
Q

what are glycerolphospholipids?

A

esterified PA

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20
Q

what constitutes the main matrix of the phospholipid bilayers?

A

glycerolphospholipids

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21
Q

what makes up phosphatidic acid?

A

replace one FA with a phosphate

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22
Q

which carbon has the phosphate instead of FA on the PA molecule?

A

C3 (SN3)

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23
Q

which carbon on the PA is unsaturated (kinked)?

A

SN2

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24
Q

which carbon on the PA is usually liberated in cell signaling processes especially if it has an arachidonic acid attached?

A

SN2

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25
Q

how are glycerol phospholipids made?

A

esterify phosphatidic head group to another water soluble molecule (ex. choline)

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26
Q

what part of the glycerolphospholipid often has a charge?

A

hydrophilic head group

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27
Q

which carbon on the PA is saturated?

A

SN1

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28
Q

where on the PL does PLA1 cleave?

A

SN1

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29
Q

where on the PL does PLA2 cleave?

A

SN2

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30
Q

where on the PL does PLC cleave?

A

phospho-ester bond closest to SN3

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31
Q

where on the PL does PLD cleave?

A

phospho-ester bond closest to membrane

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32
Q

what do PLA1, PLA2, PLC, and PLD do?

A

hydrolyze the release of FA from the bilayer

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33
Q

2 ways cholesterol is made

A
  • from acetyl units (HMG-CoA)

- from diet

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34
Q

cholesterol is a precursor for what 3 things?

A
  • bile salts
  • steroid hormones
  • vitamin D
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35
Q

which precursor does the OH group on cholesterol make?

A

bile salts

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36
Q

which precursor does the 7 carbon on cholesterol make?

A

vitamin D

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37
Q

which precursor does the 17 carbon on cholesterol make?

A

steroids

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38
Q

what is the major component of cholesterol in the diet?

A

TAGs (this is how animals we eat are storing fat)

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39
Q

what are the minor components of cholesterol in the the diet?

A
  • TAG derivatives

- Non-TAG derivatives

40
Q

TAG derivatives

A
  • glycerol
  • free FA
  • monoglycerides
  • diglycerides
41
Q

Non-TAG derivatives

A
  • phospholipids
  • sterols
  • pigments
  • vitamins
  • antioxidants
  • oxidation products
  • trace metals
  • hydrocarbons
42
Q

2 essential FA

A

Linoleic acid

a-Linolenic acid

43
Q

which essential FA is omega-6?

A

Linoleic acid

44
Q

which essential FA is omega-3?

A

a-Linolenic acid

45
Q

humans can’t introduce double bonds past carbon ____

A

9 (need to obtain through diet after C9)

46
Q

Linoleic acid is a precursor to what?

A
  • arachidonic acid

- eicosanoids

47
Q

overall pathway for fat digestion

A

1-Intake
2-Transport on lipoproteins
3-Metabolism

48
Q

List serum lipoproteins from lowest density to highest density

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

49
Q

what composes the hydrophobic layer of a chylomicron?

A
  • Cholesterol

- Cholesteryl esters

50
Q

what composes the hydrophilic layer of a chylomicron?

A
  • Protein

- Phospholipid

51
Q

3 Dietary Lipids

A

Cholesteryl ester
Phospholipid
Triacylglyceride

52
Q

What emulsifies dietary lipids to aid in adsorption by the intestine?

A

bile salts

53
Q

enzymes secreted from where, degrade dietary lipids?

A

pancreatic enzymes

54
Q

which enzyme breaks Cholesteryl Ester (CE) into Cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol Esterase

55
Q

which enzyme breaks Phospholipids (PL) into glycerylphosphotides?

ex: phosphatidylcholine&raquo_space; glycerylphosphorylcholine

A

Lipases

56
Q

which enzyme breaks Triacylglycerides (TAGs) into 2-Monoacylglycerol?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

57
Q

If there is a deficiency in pancreatic lipase, which dietary lipid cannot be degraded?

A

triacylglyceride&raquo_space; monoacylglycerol

58
Q

esterification

A

H2O&raquo_space; FA

replacement of carbonyl&raquo_space; OH

59
Q

what are the primary products of esterification in the duodenum?

A
  • Free FA
  • 2-monoacylglycerol
  • Cholesterol
  • Remaining pieces of Phospholipid
60
Q

taurine

A
  • non-proteogenic amino acid

- contains sugar

61
Q

where are bile acids made?

A

liver

62
Q

what kind of bonds turn bile acids into bile salts?

A

amide bonds

63
Q

What is added to the cholic acid to make a conjugated bile salt?

A

OH

64
Q

which carbon is the OH added to, to make a conjugated bile salt?

A

C7

65
Q

which enzyme puts an OH on C7 to make a bile salt?

A

7-a-hydroxylase

66
Q

why is the glycine/taurine added to the cholesterol?

A

Glycine/taurine are more acidic (lower pKa) than carbohydrates&raquo_space; helps stabilize the cholesterol in alkaline environment of the small intestine

67
Q

what is the treatment for gallstones?

A

oral chenodeoxycholic acid

68
Q

where are bile salts efficiently reclaimed?

A

enterohepatic circulation

69
Q

how do the bile salts get from the duodenum to the liver?

A

portal vein

70
Q

how do the bile salts get from the liver to the duodenum?

A

bile duct

71
Q

lacteal

A

Takes up chylomicrons from internalized fat&raquo_space; Forms milky lymph&raquo_space; Goes through lymphatic system&raquo_space; Thoracic Duct&raquo_space; Left subclavian vein

72
Q

where does the lymphatic system drain chylomicrons to?

A

Left Subclavian Vein

73
Q

HDL donates which APO to the nascent chylomicron?

A

APO E

APO C-II

74
Q

which APO activates Lipoprotein Lipase?

A

APO C-II

75
Q

which APO has a receptor on the liver?

A

APO E

76
Q

what do VLDL and LDL transport?

A

endogenous cholesterol and lipids

77
Q

which APO identifies a chylomicron?

A

APO B-48

78
Q

which APO identifies LDL?

A

APO B-100

79
Q

which APOs does VLDL have?

A

APO B-100
APO E
APO C-II

80
Q

what is the result of hyperlipidemia on the HDL?

A

inhibits APO C-II and APO E release from HDL

81
Q

what is the result of no activation of lipoprotein lipase?

A

no FA are made and cannot be picked up in the circulation

82
Q

what is the result of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)?

A

FA can’t get out of the liver

83
Q

what is the cause of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)?

A

imbalance between hepatic TAG synthesis and secretion of VLDL

84
Q

what population is hepatic steatosis common in?

A
  • obesity

- DM type 2

85
Q

LDL function

A

shuttling cholesterol:

  • to peripheral tissues
  • return it to liver
86
Q

where is about 70% of the plasma cholesterol located?

A

in LDL

87
Q

VLDL exchanges TAG for cholesterol in _______ to become_______

A

VLDL exchanges TAG for cholesterol in HDL to become LDL

88
Q

what catalyzes the exchange of TAG for cholesterol in the HDL to change the VLDL to LDL?

A

cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)

89
Q

why is CETP good?

A

it keeps the cholesterol moving and away from the HDL which is what makes HDL high density

90
Q

what APO identifies HDL?

A

APOA1

91
Q

what is considered a “cholesterol sponge”?

A

HDL

92
Q

In HDL, what solubilizes cholesterol?

A

phospholipids

93
Q

what does HDL pick up?

A
  • Lipids and cholesterol in circulation (from VLDL)

- Phospholipids from cell membrane

94
Q

what enzyme esterifies cholesterol in HDL?

A

lecithin

95
Q

what enzyme maintains the cholesterol gradient in HDL?

A

LCAT - Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase

96
Q

what is the result of CETP swapping cholesteryl esters with TAGs on VLDL?

A
  • CE product removed

- LCAT inhibited

97
Q

HDL function

A

takes up cholesterol from non hepatic (peripheral) tissues&raquo_space; returns it to liver as cholesteryl esters

BECOM Exam 1 (13 decks)

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