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BECOM Exam 1 > Biomembranes & Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Biomembranes & Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

In a cell membrane, glycoconjugates are oriented toward the ______

A

extracellular space

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2
Q

Penguins cell membranes would likely contain a high content of _____

A

unsaturated phospholipids

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3
Q

which FA has less kinks?

A

saturated

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4
Q

what do kinks do to the membrane?

A

makes it more fluid, less waxy

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5
Q

which side of the membrane is oxidizing?

A

extracellular

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6
Q

which side of the membrane is reducing?

A

intracellular

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7
Q

which side of the membrane has low phosphatidyl serine?

A

extracellular

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8
Q

which side of the membrane has high phosphatidyl serine?

A

intracellular

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9
Q

which side of the membrane has a high [Na]?

A

extracellular

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10
Q

which side of the membrane has a low [Na]?

A

intracellular

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11
Q

which side of the membrane has a low [K]?

A

extracellular

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12
Q

which side of the membrane has a high [K]?

A

intracellular

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13
Q

which side of the membrane has a high [Ca]?

A

extracellular

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14
Q

which side of the membrane has a low [Ca]?

A

intracellular

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15
Q

which side of the membrane has high phosphatidylcholine?

A

extracellular

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16
Q

which side of the membrane has low phophatidylcholine?

A

intracellular

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17
Q

which side of the membrane has high phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)?

A

intracellular

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18
Q

what maintains the membrane asymmetry?

A

flipases and flopases

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19
Q

what makes up a phosphatidic acid?

A

DAG + phosphate on C3

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20
Q

cephalin

A

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

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21
Q

lecithin

A

phosphatidylcholine (PC)

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22
Q

what is the charge on phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

+

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23
Q

what is the charge on phosphatidylcholine?

A

+

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24
Q

what is the charge on phosphatidylserine?

A

net = 0 (zwitterion)

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25
Q

what makes up a cardiolipin?

A

2 phosphatidic acids esterified to glycerol through their phosphate head groups

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26
Q

cardiolipin location

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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27
Q

what does cardiolipin do?

A

stabilizes ETC complexes

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28
Q

what makes up a plasmalogen?

A

FA at C1 replaced by unsaturated alkyl chain with ether link

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29
Q

plasmalogen location

A

CNS

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30
Q

what makes up platelet activating factor?

A
  • SATURATED alkyl group via ether link to glycerol C1

- acetyl group C2

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31
Q

what does plasmalogen do?

A

triggers thrombotic and inflammatory events

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32
Q

what is the backbone of sphingophospholipids?

A

amino alcohol spingosine instead of glycerol

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33
Q

what makes up spingophospholipids?

A

FA + sphingosine (amide link) + R group

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34
Q

sphingophospholipid + H

A

ceramide

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35
Q

sphingophospholipid + phosphocholine

A

sphingomyelin

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36
Q

sphingophospholipid + sugar

A

glycosphingolipid

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37
Q

which sphingophospholipid is a good 2nd messenger?

A

ceramide

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38
Q

why is mental retardation common in lysosomal storage diseases?

A
  • lysosomal enzymes important for catabolizing sphingolipids

- sphingomyelin = myelin not there to protect axons = mental retardation

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39
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

A
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Fabry’s disease
  • Metachromatic leukodystrophy
  • Krabbe’s disease
  • Gaucher’s disease
  • Niemann-Pick disease
  • Farber’s disease
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40
Q

what causes the crumpled tissue paper appearance of the cytoplasm of Gaucher cells (macrophages)?

A

enlarged, elongated lysosomes filled with glucocerebroside

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41
Q

what is phosphatidylinositol (PI) made of?

A

inositol + DAG at C3

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42
Q

phosphorylation of PI results in what?

A

polyphosphinositides (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate)

43
Q

what is the pathway to get inositol phosphates (IPs)?

A

1-cell signaling
2-phospholipase activation (cleavage at phosphate head group)
3-release of 2nd messenger (IP)

44
Q

where is phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate cleaved by phospholipase C to form 1,4,5-IP3?

A

phosphate head group on C3

45
Q

what does IP3 release?

A

Ca++ from internal stores in ER and sarcoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

which enzyme cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate?

A

phospholipase C

47
Q

what can also act as an anchor to membranes using sugar?

A

glycosylphosphoinositol

48
Q

which side of the glycosylphosphoinositol is inserted into the lipid core of the cell membrane?

A

the lipophilic side chain

49
Q

what are tocopherols (Vitamin E) used for?

A
  • Lipophilic component of cell membrane
  • Inhibits the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation
  • Generates free radical which is recovered by Vitamin C
50
Q

what is necessary for pregnancy otherwise the fetus will get absorbed too quickly?

A

Vitamin E

51
Q

3 types of membrane proteins

A
  • integral proteins (intrinsic)
  • peripheral proteins (extrinsic)
  • transmembrane proteins
52
Q

which membrane proteins cannot be separated easily with detergents?

A

integral

53
Q

which proteins are loosely associated?

A

peripheral

54
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

  • single transmembrane helix
  • COO on inside
A

type 1

55
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

  • single transmembrane helix
  • COO on outside
A

type 2

56
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

  • single protein
  • multiple transmembrane helices
A

type 3

57
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

  • multiple proteins
  • single transmembrane helix
A

type 4

58
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

-lipid-linked proteins

A

type 5

59
Q

which subtype of transmembrane protein has:

  • transmembrane domains
  • lipid-linked domains
A

type 6

60
Q

actin based

A

microfilaments

61
Q

tubular based

A

microtubules

62
Q

rigid rod with a (+) growing end and a (-) shrinking end

A

microtubules

63
Q

what makes up a strand of F actin?

A

G-actin monomers

64
Q

main tracks for longer distance transport

A

microtubules

65
Q

movement from - to +

A

anterograde

66
Q

movement from + to -

A

retrograde

67
Q

anterograde motors

A

kinesin

68
Q

retrograde motors

A

dynein

69
Q

actin filament location

A

microvilli of intestinal epithelium

70
Q

actin stress fibers function

A

keep cells in rigid conformation when adhering to a surface

71
Q

what helps cells crawl around?

A
  • Filopodia (pointed)
  • Lamellipodia (flattened)
  • Pseudopodia (false foot)
  • Fagocytosis
  • Ambeoid movement
72
Q

what filament makes up a cytokinetic cytokinesis?

A

actin filaments

73
Q

which side of the membrane has high GSH and GSSG?

A

intracellular

74
Q

which side of the membrane has high NADPH

A

intracellular

75
Q

which side of the cell has mostly disulfide (S-S) bonds?

A

extracellular

76
Q

what type of transporter is erythrocyte glucose transporter?

A

facilitated diffusion

77
Q

does simple diffusion need a concentration gradient?

A

no

78
Q

does ion channel need a concentration gradient?

A

yes

79
Q

which transporter uses energy?

A

active transport

80
Q

does facilitated diffusion use energy?

A

no

81
Q

which transporters move from HIGH to LOW?

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • secondary active transport
82
Q

which transporter moves from LOW to HIGH?

A

primary active transport

83
Q

which molecules diffuse across phospholipid membranes?

A
  • small
  • hydrophobic

(O2, CO2, N2)

84
Q

how many molecules does facilitated diffusion move?

A

1 (uses a conformational change)

85
Q

GLUT 1 location

A

tissues

86
Q

GLUT 2 location

A

liver and pancreatic beta cells

87
Q

GLUT 3 location

A

tissues

88
Q

GLUT 4 location

A

muscle and fat cells

89
Q

GLUT 5 location

A

small intestine

90
Q

GLUT 1 Km

A

low

91
Q

GLUT 4 Km

A

high

92
Q

which GLUT is for fructose?

A

GLUT 5

93
Q

osmosis

A

movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient

94
Q

which active transporter directly uses ATP?

A

primary active transport (Na/K pump)

95
Q

which active transporter indirectly uses ATP?

A

secondary active transport (Na/Ca++ pump)

96
Q

which active transport has one solute moving with its gradient and the other moving against its gradient?

A

secondary active transport

97
Q

example of symporter

A

SGLT 1

98
Q

SGLT 1 location

A

Epithelial Cells:

  • small intestines
  • heart
  • brain
  • proximal tubules of kidneys
99
Q

SGLT 1 exchange ions

A

1 Glucose or Galactose for 2 Na+

100
Q

how are amino acids transported?

A

symported with Na+

101
Q

damaged amino acid symporter causes what?

A

increased concentration of amino acids

102
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
103
Q

which type of endocytosis takes in fluids into the cell by invagination of the cell membrane?

A

pinocytosis

BECOM Exam 1 (13 decks)

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