Lipids/fats Flashcards
what macronutrient provide energy
carbs, fat, protein, alcohol (not nutrient but does provide energy)
what is the definition a lipid
any class of organic compound that fatty acids, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
are natural oils, waxes and steroids considers as lipids
yes
what is the function of lipids
source of energy
function of lipid can provide ____ to maintain body temp
insulation
what is the order of fats and lipids (diagram)
beta oxidation > acetyl CoA > citric acid cycle > electron transport chain
beta oxidation > acetyl CoA > lipogenesis > fat/lipid
what are the 5 main types of lipids
- triglycerides
- fatty acids
- phospholipids
- sterols (sex hormones)
- fat soluble vitamins
what are the two types of phospholipids
sphingolipids
prostaglandins
triglycerides have how much of dietary lipid
> 90%
what is the structural component of triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
what is the structural component of triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
how are 3 fatty acids bound to glycerol
dehydration synthesis
what is an ester bond
the structural component of triglycerides
what is the definition of fatty acids
chains of carbon molecules with methyl group at one end of the chain and carboxyl group at the other end of the chain
what can fatty acids relate to
building blocks
what end to you count carbons from
methyl/omega end
what are the 3 key parts of a fatty acid
- length of chain
- double bonds
- position of 1st double from methyl
short chain fatty acid has how many carbons
C2-C6
medium chain fatty acid has how many carbons
C8-C12
long chain fatty acid has how many carbons
> 14
very long chain fatty acid has how many carbons
> 22
how long are most fatty acids in the diet
C10-C22
medium -very long
what is the affect of the number of double bonds
affects melting point
how many double bond does saturated fats have
none - w/ hydrogen
1 double bonds means it will what kind of fat
monounsaturated
more than one double bond means it will be what kind of fat
polyunsaturated
what kind of fat does trans fatty acids act like
saturated fats
if a fatty acid has C18:0 what does this mean and which one is it
18 carbons, zero double bons = saturated fate
if a fatty acid has C18:1n-9 what does this mean and which one is it
18 carbons: 1 double bond (double bond located 9 from carbons from methyl end) = monounsaturated fat
if a fatty acid has C18:3n-3 what does this mean and which one is it
18 carbons, 3 double bonds (each double bond has 3 carbons inbetween) = polyunsaturated
essential fatty acid
humans are not able to make a double bond w/ the first ___ carbons from methyl end
6
what are some deficiency symptoms of EFA
growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, kidney and liver disorders, visual problems
T/F
triglyceride will have one fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone
false will have a mixture
what allows phospholipids to have a unique role in the body
chemical structures
phosphate part of phospholipids is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic ( water loving)
fatty acid part of phospholipids is hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic (water hatting
where are sphingolipid primarily found
in the brain and nervous tissue
sterols have a multiple ring structure
T/F
true
where are sterols found in
plants and animal foods
what are sterols the starting material for
bile acids, sex hormones, vitamin D
cholesterol is only found where
in animal food
what is a high source of fats
Butter, margarine
what is the recommended intake for saturated fats
no more than 10% of energy
lipid digestion process
chewing > solid fats liquefy > formation of fat globules > lingual lipase released in mouth > bile acids released from gallbladder
what is the substance digested in lipases
fats emulsified by bile
what process starts when fat get absorbed
glycoprotein
where does dietary fat adventially go
liver
what is the definition of lipoprotein
biochemical assembly group whose purpose is to transport hydrophobic lipid molecules in water as in blood or extracellular fluid
what is albumin role in lipid transport
transport free fatty acids from adipose tissue to peripheral tissue
in 2009-2019 what disease caused the most deaths
heart disease
what are some strategies to increase the proportion of women in CVD
- be inclusive
- exchange knowledge
- meet women in community
- remove barrier
why we need fats
brain development, support absorption of vitamins, structural component of cells, healthy heat, source of energy
what type of fat is coconut oil and butter high in
saturated fat
what type of fat is olive oil high in
monounsaturated fat
what type of fat is sunflower and safflower oil high in
omega-6
what type of fat is flaxseed oil high in
omega-3
what are some dietary recommendation for oils
- oils from unprocessed foods e.g. nuts
- replace SFA w/ MUFA and PUFA
- genetic modification
when does a food not need to be labelled as Genetically modifyed
when the food has been processed to remove all genetically modifies DNA or protein and doesn’t not have altered characteristics
how do SFA affect our health
negatively affect LDL (bad) cholesterol levels which increase risk of heart disease
how does trans-fatty acids affect health
negatively affect blood lipids which increase the risk of heart disease more than saturated fat
how does MUFA and PUFA affect our health
unsaturated fats can improve cholesterol levels and reduce risk of heart disease
how does margarine and butter differ in ingredients
margarine = high process
butter = small ingredients
what is margarine high in and increased what diseases
trans-fatty acids
increases CVD
what is hydrogenation technique
taking vegetable oil and turning them into margarine - adding back hydrogen - less double bonds, cis bonds become trans-bonds
why doesn’t margarine decompose as quickly as butter
because is contains milk = source of protein that micro-organisms thrive in
why might margarine be better than butter - even though butter is seen as more natural and “better”
margarine replaces SFA with MUFA and PUFA
what is the better option margerine or butter
hard to determine because both have positives and negatives
but… do you need spreads?
