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Biology > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Lipids

A

Naturally occurring nonpolar molecules

Can only dissolve in nonpolar organic solvents.

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2
Q

Monomer of: Lipid

A

Fatty acid

  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Saturated fatty acid
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3
Q

Functional Group of: Lipid

A

Hydrocarbon chain + Acid (COOH)

(O= & H-)C-C-C-C-H + ‘saturated’ w/H or ‘unsaturated’ w/H w/C=C bond

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4
Q

Types of Lipids

A
  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Saturated fatty acid
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
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5
Q

Lipid Functions

A
  • long-term energy storage
  • insulation against heat loss
  • protection of major organs
  • phospholipid bilayer to protect cell
  • component of steroid hormones and sex hormones
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6
Q

Fats

A
  • usually of animal origin
  • solid @ room temp
  • composed of saturated fatty acids
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7
Q

Oils

A
  • usually of plant origin
  • liquid @ room temp
  • composed of unsaturated fatty acids
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8
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A
  • usually from animals
  • solid @ room temp
  • ‘saturated’ w/H

(O= & H-)C-C-C-C-H + H single bonds to C’s

-straight

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9
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  • usually from plants
  • liquid @ room temp
  • ‘unsaturated’ w/H
  • double covalent bonds btwn C’s that hold less than 2 H’s

(O= & H-)C-C=C-C-H + H single bonds to single bond C’s

-are bent

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10
Q

Polymer of: Lipid

A

Triglyceride

  • neutral fat bc the molecule is nonpolar
  • cannot absorb them; must be hydrolyzed
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11
Q

How to form a Triglyceride

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = 1 triglyceride + 3 H2O (dehydration reaction)

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12
Q

Emulsification

A

Process of breaking up fat globules into smaller droplets by using emulsifiers.

Tails attach to fat and polar heads face outward to polar substance and pulls the fat apart in this interaction/reaction.

Allows fat globules to be moved within water (not just sit on top).

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13
Q

Emulsifiers

A

Polar head group + nonpolar fatty acid tail

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14
Q

What is the body’s emulsifier?

A

Bile

  • produced in liver & stored in gall bladder
  • gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine onto chyme
  • if gall bladder removed the liver will produce bile on demand
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15
Q

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

A
  • polyunsaturated fatty acid essential to human health
  • necessary for brain function/development
  • lowers cholesterol levels
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16
Q

Omega-6 Fatty Acid

A
  • polyunsaturated fatty acid essential to human health
  • essential for human body development but over-consumed in Western diet
  • too much = heart disease, too little = ADD/ADHD
17
Q

Omega-9 Fatty Acid

A
  • unsaturated fatty acid
  • not essential for human health
  • linked to reducing cholesterol levels
  • used for treatment purposes
18
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process of changing the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid to having the structure of a saturated fatty acid.

“Adds Hydrogen” by heating unsaturated fat, breaking the C=C to C-C + H’s

Unsaturated fats now solid @ room temp

19
Q

Trans Fat

A
  • Fatty acids affected by hyrogenation
  • considered synthetic since they don’t occur naturally
  • often found in food to preserve them and increase taste
20
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 Phosphate group (hydrophilic) + 2 Fatty acid chains as nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)

21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances are polar + water-loving

22
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances are nonpolar + water-repelling

23
Q

Phospholipid Functions

A
  • form the membrane of a cell
  • phospholipid bilayer: polar heads facing out & nonpolar tails facing in
  • helps to separate the extra cellular material from inter cellular material
24
Q

Steroids

A
  • all steroids have 4 fused carbon rings
  • differ by arrangement of atoms + attachment of functional group
  • cholesterol
  • estrogen
  • testosterone
25
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • part of plasma membrane of cells
  • foundational structure of estrogen & testosterone

weird branched CH# groups at the top of 4 fused C rings

26
Q

Estrogen

A

-required for development of secondary female characteristics (eg. body hair, fat distribution, emotional features)

HO-4 fused C-rings

27
Q

Testosterone

A

-required for development of secondary male characteristics (eg. larger bones, hair distribution, deeper voice, etc)

O=4 fused C-rings

28
Q

Why is too much cholesterol bad for us?

A

Can cause fatty material to accumulate in the lining of our blood vessels = less flow or blockages.

Can affect us most in the heart and brain.

Biology (16 decks)

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