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Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

A
  • a cell increases in volume, the proportionate amount of SA decreases
  • ^ V > v SA ; v V > ^ SA
  • amount of SA affects ability of cell walls to exchange materials into and out of the cell
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2
Q

The Cell Theory

A

1- all organisms are composed of 1+ cells
2- are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms
3- all cells come from preexisting cells (by self-reproduction)

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3
Q

Cell

A
  • The structural & functional unit of an organism
  • the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.
  • the molecules that serve as food or composition of a cell are NOT alive
  • smallest organism: unicellular
  • largest: multicellular
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4
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of 1 cell

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5
Q

Multicellular

A

Made up of more than 1 cell

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • lack membrane-enclosed structures within them (eg. nucleus); structurally simple
  • metabolically diverse (more than eukaryotes)
  • can synthesize all their structural components from very simple, even inorganic molecules
  • adapted to most types of environments
  • generally exist as unicellular organisms
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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • all cells surrounded by plasma membrane made up of a phospholipid bilayer.
  • regulates what enters or exits a cell
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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • contents of a cell btwn nucleus & plasma membrane
  • contains organelles
  • composed mostly of water, salts, & dissolved organic molecules
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9
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

A

-located outside of the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Capsule

A

Gelatinous layer surrounding the cell of algae and certain bacteria that provides further protection for prokaryotes

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11
Q

Slime Layer

A

Gelatinous sheath surrounding certain prokaryotes, sometimes even added on to the capsule

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12
Q

Flagellum

pl. Flagella

A

Long, slender “tail” used for locomotion by using it like a propeller to move rapidly in fluid mediums

  • enclosing matrix area in 9+2 pattern of microtubule triplets
  • triplets x 3 connected to central OO
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13
Q

Fimbria

pl. Fimbriae

A

Short hairlike bristles that help prokaryotes to adhere/attach to surfaces

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14
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of a prokaryotic cell where the free-floating DNA is located; not bound by a nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosome

A

RNA & proteins in 2 subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
-ribosomes of prokaryotes are smaller & structurally different than those in eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • structurally complex
  • have a nucleus
  • possesses membrane-bound organelles
    eg. animal, plant, fungi, & protists
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17
Q

Plant Cell Wall(s)

A
  • cells have a permeable but protective cell wall + plasma membrane
  • composition: cellulose fibrils
  • can have 2 cell walls
  • function: support and protect
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18
Q

Organelles

A
  • found in eukaryotic cells
  • tiny specialized structures that perform specific cellular functions
  • often membranous
  • found in the cytoplasm
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19
Q

Nucleus

A
  • stores genetic material (DNA)

- composed of: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm

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20
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • continuous double membrane of phospholipids w/polar liquid btwn the layers in order to thicken the envelope btwn polar heads
  • connected to RER
21
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Pores in the nuclear envelope that allows bidirectional transport of proteins & ribosomal subunits (eg. mRNA)

22
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin.

23
Q

Nucleolus

pl. Nucleoli

A
  • dark-staining spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits
  • where rRNA is produced
24
Q

DNA

A
  • every cell contains identical sets of DNA

- but in each cell type, certain genes are turned off/on

25
Chromatin
- DNA @ rest - DNA lightly wrapped around histones (proteins) - G1
26
Chromosomes
- location: nucleoplasm - human cells: 46 chromosomes - chromatin that is coiled, looped & condensed - G2, P, M
27
Ribosomes
- location: individually in cytoplasm (or in groups called polyribosomes) or attached to RER - 2 subunits: 'large' & 'small' (hamburger) complexes of rRNA + protein molecules - function: synthesis of proteins using mRNA as a template
28
Vesicles
- small, membrane-bounded sac (phospholipid bilayer) that stores substances within a cell - incoming (pinched from plasma membrane + macromolecule) - transport (from GA or ER) - secretory (from GA)
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A complicated system of membranous channels + sacs which is the site of protein and lipid production within the cell -rough ER & smooth ER
30
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
- directly connected to nuclear envelope - studded w/ribosomes on outward face - proteins synthesized from ribosomes & pass into interior of RER to be processed/modified - proteins destined for cell membrane/secretion
31
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- continuous w/RER; lacks ribosomes - synthesizes phospholipids - performs variety of other functions depending on the kind of cell it is in
32
Golgi Apparatus
- location: cytoplasm - composed: inner half/face toward ER & outer half/face to cell wall - collects, sorts, packages/modifies, distribute, makes lysosomes - receives proteins from RER w/'zip codes' to indicate where they should be sent (or if they should be modified)
33
Secretion
Release of a substance by exocytosis or 'steps to secretion'
34
Lysosomes
- membrane-bound vesicles produced by GA w/hydrolytic digestive enzymes already inside - hydrolyze incoming/foreign substances - autodigestion: when lysosomes digest parts of the cell that are no longer useful
35
Vacuole
-membranous sacs that store substances AC- tiny and filled w/water-based solutions PC- large central vacuole that lends support to cell wall using turgor pressure -also contains sugars, salts, pigments, and toxins
36
Peroxisomes
- initially empty membranous sac - filled w/enzymes from cytoplasmic ribosomes (transported by carrier proteins) that typically hydrolyze molecules into H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) - catalase (another peroxisomal enzyme) immediately hydrolyzes H2O2 into H2O + O to hydrate body - enzyme type + function depends on its location
37
Chloroplast
- site of photosynthesis - components: 2 separate bilayers (not touching; phospholipids), stroma, grana, thylakoids - contains: own DNA, ribosomes, enzymes - can survive on its own as a prokaryote
38
Stroma
- located: inside double membrane of chloroplast | - fluid-filled space that contains single circular DNA + ribosomes
39
Photosynthesis
-how plants make their own food using the energy of the sun -solar energy + H2O + CO2 = carbohydrates + O PC-can cycle btwn photosynthesis & cellular respiration
40
Intermediate Filaments
- located: inside cytoplasm attached to nucleus - support 1) nuclear envelope + 2) plasma membrane - cell-cell junctions, such as holding skin cells tightly together - "yarn"
41
Cellular Respiration
- metabolic reaction that break down carbohydrates to produce ATP molecules (/fatty acids/amino acid) - location: mitochondria - carbohydrate + O = CO2 + H2O + store energy (in ATP)
42
Mitochondria
- all eukaryotic cells - site of cellular respiration - structure: no-contact double membrane, matrix (own DNA, ribosomes, enzymes), crista (inner membrane) - can exist independently as a prokaryote
43
Centrosome
-Central MTOC of cells
44
Centrioles
- located: in centrosome @ right angles to each other (pair) - function: involved in cell division providing tracks for organelles - 9+0 pattern of microtubule triplets - triplets x 9 connected to central O
45
Cilia
-hair-like projections that aid cell movement EuC-much shorter than flagella -9+2 pattern of microtubule triplets -triplets x 9 connected to central OO
46
Crista | pl. Cristae
Inner membrane of mitochondria that 'invaginates'/folds to form finger-like projections to increase SA to accommodate protein complexes & other participants in ATP production
47
Cytoskeleton
- internal framework of a cell, from nucleus to plasma membrane - assists in movement of cell & organelles - assemble/disassemble as needed - types: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
48
Actin Filaments
- location: anchored to plasma membrane - function: supports the membrane by weaving into a mesh-like structure + movement of cells/organelles - "rope"
49
Microtubules
- assembly: under control of Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC) - imp. MTOC: centrosome (center) - sends vesicles/organelles on 'tracks' to anywhere - "thread"

Biology (16 decks)

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