Lipids

Question 1

What are lipids?

Answer 1

Fats

Question 2

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 2

Won’t mix with water

Question 3

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 3

Will mix with water

Question 4

What are the 2 types of lipids?

Answer 4

Fatty acids and steroids

Question 5

What are steroids?

Answer 5

Four fused rings

3 cyclohexane rings plus one cyclopentane ring

Question 6

What are fatty acids?

Answer 6

Hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end

3 carbons in a fatty acid

Question 7

2 characteristics for fatty acids?

Answer 7

Slightly acidic

Combined with specific functional groups, fatty acids take on different properties

Question 8

Fatty acids can be _______ or _______

Answer 8

Saturated or unsaturated

Question 9

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

All C atoms are bonded to as many H atoms as possible

No double bonds between carbons

Question 10

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 10

At least one double bond between C atoms

Question 11

Fatty acids are classified by the number and orientation of the double bonds. What are the 4 classification?

Answer 11

Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Cis isomer
Trans isomer

Question 12

What is monounsaturated fat?

Answer 12

One double bond

Question 13

What is polyunsaturated fat?

Answer 13

More than one double bond

Question 14

What are cis isomers?

Answer 14

Isomer that has H atoms on same side of double bond

Question 15

What is a trans isomer?

Answer 15

Isomer that has H atoms on opposite sides of double bonds

Question 16

Depending on their molecular structure, fatty acids have different ________.

Answer 16

Melting points

Question 17

What fat is usually solid at room temperature?

Answer 17

Saturated fat

Question 18

What fats are usually liquid at room temperature?

Answer 18

Unsaturated fats

Because the chains cannot pack closely together

Question 19

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 19

Reactions that can turn unsaturated fats into saturated fats

Question 20

How does hydrogenation work?

Answer 20

It removes double bonds between carbons and adds hydrogens

Creates fats that are solid at room temperature

Question 21

3 biologically important fatty acids?

Answer 21

Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Wax

Question 22

What are phospholipids?

Answer 22

2 hydrocarbon chains connected to a phosphate group

Question 23

Hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid is _______.

Answer 23

Hydrophobic

Question 24

The phosphate group in a phospholipid is ______.

Answer 24

Hydrophilic

Question 25

What are triglycerides?

Answer 25

3 fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol molecule

Question 26

Triglycerides are used for what? Are they unsaturated or saturated?

Answer 26

They are used as the main structure for storing fats in the body Chains may be saturated or unsaturated

Question 27

What is wax?

Answer 27

Ester of long-chain fatty acid and long-chain alcohol

Question 28

How is beeswax made and why?

Answer 28

Made by bees to create the honeycomb in which eggs are laid and larvae develop

Question 29

What is cholesterol?

Answer 29

One of the most important and abundant steroids in the human body

Question 30

What does cholesterol do inside the body?

Answer 30

Stabilizes cellular membranes Creates myelin sheath Important part of brain and nerve tissue

Question 31

What does cholesterol do in the skin?

Answer 31

It becomes vitamin D in the presence of sunlight. Vitamin D is vital for bone development

Question 32

What are the 2 lipoproteins?

Answer 32

HDL and LDL

Question 33

What is a lipoprotein?

Answer 33

Lipid attached to a protein inside a phospholipid shell

Question 34

What is HDL?

Answer 34

High density lipoprotein “Good” cholesterol Transports lipids from tissue to liver

Question 35

What is LDL?

Answer 35

Low density lipoprotein “Bad” cholesterol Transports lipids to tissues, can clog arteries

Question 36

What is bile?

Answer 36

Fluid that breaks up fats in the small intestine Allows digestion of fats

Question 37

What does bile contain?

Answer 37

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 38

What does bile do?

Answer 38

Coats fat and breaks it into tiny droplets

Question 39

Where is bile stored and made?

Answer 39

Bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed in the small intestine Bile is made in the liver

Question 40

What are gallstones

Answer 40

They are solid forms of excess cholesterol in the gallbladder

Question 41

What are the symptoms and treatment of gallstones?

Answer 41

Symptoms: Severe pain, jaundice Treatment: removal of gallbladder

Question 42

What are the 5 most important steroid hormones?

Answer 42

Testosterone Androsterone Estrogen Progesterone Corticosteroids

Question 43

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 43

They are molecules that send messages from one gland or organ to tissue

Question 44

What are the primary male hormones? And why are they important?

Answer 44

Testosterone and androsterone Important for muscle development

Question 45

What is the primary female hormone?

Answer 45

Estrogen

Question 46

What does progesterone do?

Answer 46

Prepared uterus for implantation of fertilized egg Primary hormone in birth control pills

Question 47

What is the stress hormone?

Answer 47

Corticosteroids

Question 48

What is an emulsifier?

Answer 48

Promotes the mixing of two liquids that are not mutually soluble Like oil and water