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BIO > DNA Structure And Function > Flashcards

DNA Structure And Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA are what ?

A

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

A

Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Thymine (T)

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3
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides of RNA?

A

Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Uracil (U)

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4
Q

What creates a sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Nucleotides link together,
sugar of one nucleotide bonded to phosphate group of another

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5
Q

What are the base pairs that create the double strand in DNA?

A

A to T
T to A
C to G
G to C

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6
Q

Each rung of ladder is a ______

A

Base pair

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7
Q

Because bases complement each other, what do we call it?

A

Complementary base pairing

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8
Q

DNA is organized around what?

A

Groups of histone proteins

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and organized proteins (histone) packaged together

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10
Q

Where is chromatin coiled inside of?

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

What cells are diploids?

A

Human autosomal cells
(Diploids are 2 of each cell)

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes
(23 haploids, 46 diploids)

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13
Q

Each chromosome contains many what?

A

Genes

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

Instructions for making a protein

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15
Q

Each gene may have multiple what?

A

Alleles

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16
Q

What are alleles?

A

Variant of a gene

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17
Q

What makes up a genotype?

A

An individual’s alleles

Ex: bb, Bb, BB

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18
Q

What makes up the phenotype?

A

The physical traits produced by the alleles

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19
Q

What makes up a genome?

A

All of an individual’s gene

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20
Q

How does a genotype become a phenotype?

A

Genes are transcribed from DNA into RNA, then translated from RNA into a protein

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21
Q

______ strand is transcribed into _____

A

DNA, RNA

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22
Q

What does RNA polymerase do? What is it?

A

It makes RNA by binding nucleotides in complementary pairs to DNA strand

It is an enzyme

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23
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in RNA?

A

C to G
G to C
T to A
A to U

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24
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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25
Q

How does transcription start?

A

It starts at a promoter

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26
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A DNA sequence at the beginning of a gene

27
Q

What is an initiation ?

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and starts transcription of RNA stand complementary to DNA strand

28
Q

What is elongation?

A

RNA strand grows longer

29
Q

What is Termination in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase reaches terminator. Terminator signals end of the gene

30
Q

What does “Beads on a string” refer to?

A

The way that nucleosomes look under a micrograph.

DNA wrapped around a group of 8 histone proteins which is called a nucleosome

31
Q

Each gene has?

A

2 alleles

32
Q

Why are a Cap and Tail added to the RNA?

A

They are added to protect RNA from enzymes and are a signal to ribosomes

33
Q

What are Introns?

A

Noncoding portions of RNA

34
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions of RNA

35
Q

Between Introns and Exons, which one stays in the nucleus and which one leaves the nucleus?

A

Introns stay
Exons leave

36
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Removal of introns and connecting of exons into strand of mRNA

37
Q

Which RNA strand leaves the nucleus?

A

mRNA

38
Q

How many amino acids in nature?

A

20

39
Q

mRNA is translated into?

A

Protein

40
Q

How many nucleotides are in RNA

A

4

41
Q

What is coded by a group of 3 nucleotides?

A

Amino acids

42
Q

What is a codon?

A

Group of 3 nucleotides

43
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to mRNA

44
Q

What is translation ?

A

Building a protein initiation from mRNA

45
Q

In translation mRNA binds with what?

A

Ribosome

46
Q

What does ribosome create?

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids

47
Q

_____ carrying amino acids that binds to ____

A

tRNA, mRNA

48
Q

What grows into a protein ?

A

Polypeptides

49
Q

What is on one end of tRNA and what’s on the other end?

A

Anticodon, and the other is an amino acid (codon chart to know which)

50
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Connects the tRNA to a mRNA based on a specific codon

51
Q

How to draw a nucleotide?

A
52
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change in the nucleotide sequence

(Could be a single nucleotide or large section)

53
Q

Explain translation after mRNA is bind to ribosome?

A

•Ribosome reads mRNA by codons and finds the start codon (AUG)
•tRNA for AUG (Met) binds to ribosome
•Ribosome continues to read mRNA one codon at a time as tRNA follows

54
Q

What is the process of termination in translation?

A

When elongation of the protein ends when stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) reach ribosome

55
Q

Is a mutation advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral?

A

A mutation can be all

56
Q

What are the 3 types of Mutations?

A

Nucleotide Substitution
Nucleotide deletion
Nucleotide insertion

57
Q

What is nucleotide substitution?

A

When one nucleotide (or a pair) is exchanged for a different one

May result in no change or a huge change in amino acid

58
Q

What is Nucleotide deletion?

A

When one or more Nucleotides are removed

Every amino acid that comes after will be changed.

59
Q

What is Nucleotide insertion?

A

When one or more nucleotides are inserted into DNA

Every amino acid that comes after will be changed.

60
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Sources of mutations

61
Q

What are mutagens that cause cancer called?

A

Carcinogens

62
Q

Human genome contains around how many genes?

A

20,500

63
Q

The human genome is made up of around how many base pairs

A

3 billion

64
Q

What is the sugar called in DNA and RNA?

A

In DNA it is deoxyribose
In RNA it is ribose

BIO (10 decks)

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