DNA Structure And Function

Question 1

DNA and RNA are what ?

Answer 1

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 2

What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

Answer 2

Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Thymine (T)

Question 3

What are the 4 nucleotides of RNA?

Answer 3

Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Uracil (U)

Question 4

What creates a sugar-phosphate backbone?

Answer 4

Nucleotides link together,
sugar of one nucleotide bonded to phosphate group of another

Question 5

What are the base pairs that create the double strand in DNA?

Answer 5

A to T
T to A
C to G
G to C

Question 6

Each rung of ladder is a ______

Answer 6

Base pair

Question 7

Because bases complement each other, what do we call it?

Answer 7

Complementary base pairing

Question 8

DNA is organized around what?

Answer 8

Groups of histone proteins

Question 9

What is chromatin?

Answer 9

DNA and organized proteins (histone) packaged together

Question 10

Where is chromatin coiled inside of?

Answer 10

The nucleus

Question 11

What cells are diploids?

Answer 11

Human autosomal cells
(Diploids are 2 of each cell)

Question 12

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 12

23 pairs of chromosomes
(23 haploids, 46 diploids)

Question 13

Each chromosome contains many what?

Answer 13

Genes

Question 14

What are genes?

Answer 14

Instructions for making a protein

Question 15

Each gene may have multiple what?

Answer 15

Alleles

Question 16

What are alleles?

Answer 16

Variant of a gene

Question 17

What makes up a genotype?

Answer 17

An individual’s alleles

Ex: bb, Bb, BB

Question 18

What makes up the phenotype?

Answer 18

The physical traits produced by the alleles

Question 19

What makes up a genome?

Answer 19

All of an individual’s gene

Question 20

How does a genotype become a phenotype?

Answer 20

Genes are transcribed from DNA into RNA, then translated from RNA into a protein

Question 21

______ strand is transcribed into _____

Answer 21

DNA, RNA

Question 22

What does RNA polymerase do? What is it?

Answer 22

It makes RNA by binding nucleotides in complementary pairs to DNA strand

It is an enzyme

Question 23

What are the complementary base pairs in RNA?

Answer 23

C to G
G to C
T to A
A to U

Question 24

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

Answer 24

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 25

How does transcription start?

Answer 25

It starts at a promoter

Question 26

What is a promoter?

Answer 26

A DNA sequence at the beginning of a gene

Question 27

What is an initiation ?

Answer 27

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and starts transcription of RNA stand complementary to DNA strand

Question 28

What is elongation?

Answer 28

RNA strand grows longer

Question 29

What is Termination in transcription?

Answer 29

RNA polymerase reaches terminator. Terminator signals end of the gene

Question 30

What does “Beads on a string” refer to?

Answer 30

The way that nucleosomes look under a micrograph. DNA wrapped around a group of 8 histone proteins which is called a nucleosome

Question 31

Each gene has?

Answer 31

2 alleles

Question 32

Why are a Cap and Tail added to the RNA?

Answer 32

They are added to protect RNA from enzymes and are a signal to ribosomes

Question 33

What are Introns?

Answer 33

Noncoding portions of RNA

Question 34

What are exons?

Answer 34

Coding regions of RNA

Question 35

Between Introns and Exons, which one stays in the nucleus and which one leaves the nucleus?

Answer 35

Introns stay Exons leave

Question 36

What is RNA splicing?

Answer 36

Removal of introns and connecting of exons into strand of mRNA

Question 37

Which RNA strand leaves the nucleus?

Answer 37

mRNA

Question 38

How many amino acids in nature?

Answer 38

20

Question 39

mRNA is translated into?

Answer 39

Protein

Question 40

How many nucleotides are in RNA

Answer 40

4

Question 41

What is coded by a group of 3 nucleotides?

Answer 41

Amino acids

Question 42

What is a codon?

Answer 42

Group of 3 nucleotides

Question 43

What is transcription?

Answer 43

DNA to mRNA

Question 44

What is translation ?

Answer 44

Building a protein initiation from mRNA

Question 45

In translation mRNA binds with what?

Answer 45

Ribosome

Question 46

What does ribosome create?

Answer 46

Peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 47

_____ carrying amino acids that binds to ____

Answer 47

tRNA, mRNA

Question 48

What grows into a protein ?

Answer 48

Polypeptides

Question 49

What is on one end of tRNA and what’s on the other end?

Answer 49

Anticodon, and the other is an amino acid (codon chart to know which)

Question 50

What is an anticodon?

Answer 50

Connects the tRNA to a mRNA based on a specific codon

Question 51

How to draw a nucleotide?

Question 52

What is a mutation?

Answer 52

Any change in the nucleotide sequence (Could be a single nucleotide or large section)

Question 53

Explain translation after mRNA is bind to ribosome?

Answer 53

•Ribosome reads mRNA by codons and finds the start codon (AUG) •tRNA for AUG (Met) binds to ribosome •Ribosome continues to read mRNA one codon at a time as tRNA follows

Question 54

What is the process of termination in translation?

Answer 54

When elongation of the protein ends when stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) reach ribosome

Question 55

Is a mutation advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral?

Answer 55

A mutation can be all

Question 56

What are the 3 types of Mutations?

Answer 56

Nucleotide Substitution Nucleotide deletion Nucleotide insertion

Question 57

What is nucleotide substitution?

Answer 57

When one nucleotide (or a pair) is exchanged for a different one May result in no change or a huge change in amino acid

Question 58

What is Nucleotide deletion?

Answer 58

When one or more Nucleotides are removed Every amino acid that comes after will be changed.

Question 59

What is Nucleotide insertion?

Answer 59

When one or more nucleotides are inserted into DNA Every amino acid that comes after will be changed.

Question 60

What are mutagens?

Answer 60

Sources of mutations

Question 61

What are mutagens that cause cancer called?

Answer 61

Carcinogens

Question 62

Human genome contains around how many genes?

Answer 62

20,500

Question 63

The human genome is made up of around how many base pairs

Answer 63

3 billion

Question 64

What is the sugar called in DNA and RNA?

Answer 64

In DNA it is deoxyribose In RNA it is ribose