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BIO > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the name ending for a carbohydrate?

A

-ose

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2
Q

Formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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3
Q

What is used in cellular respiration?

A

Energy in carbohydrate bonds

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4
Q

Formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + molecular energy (ATP)

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5
Q

What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Smallest unit, simple sugar

Monomer for creation of carbohydrate polymers

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7
Q

Formula of a monosaccharide?

A

Cn(H2O)n

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8
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond

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9
Q

What is the formula for disaccharide?

A

Cn(H2O)n-1

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10
Q

Characteristics of a polysaccharide?

A

May be linear or branched

Excellent for structure and energy storage

Polymer made of monomers

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11
Q

Formula for polysaccharides?

A

Cn(H2O)n-1

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12
Q

How can you split carbohydrates?

A

Through hydrolysis

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13
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Splitting of water

OH added to one molecule; H added to another

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14
Q

Example of hydrolysis?

A

C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Sucrose + water → glucose and fructose

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15
Q

What are characteristics of monosaccharides?

A

Contains Carbon chain (3-7 carbons)
Multiple OH- groups
Can be a aldehyde or ketone group

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16
Q

What is a aldehyde group?

A

Monosaccharide in which first carbon is an aldehyde

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17
Q

What is a ketose group?

A

Monosaccharide in which first carbon is a ketone

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18
Q

What are isomers?

A

Same chemical formula, different physical shape

Location of OH groups and carboxyl groups are different

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19
Q

What carbohydrate is normally an isomer?

A

Monosaccharides

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20
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Is directly used for energy in cells

Other monosaccharides must be turned into glucose to be used by the body

Blood sugar is glucose

21
Q

How does oxidation of monosaccharides happen?

A

In a chain form, aldehyde group can be oxidized to carboxylic acid

22
Q

What is Benedict’s reagent?

A

Copper based solution that reacts with sugars with available aldehyde group

23
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Sugars that can be oxidized

They reduce the reagent

24
Q

What color is oxidized copper and reduced copper?

A

Oxidized copper is blue
Reduced copper is red/orange

25
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Contain 2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond

26
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A sugar bond found in saccharides

27
Q

What reaction makes disaccharides?

A

Dehydration reaction

28
Q

What reaction breaks disaccharides?

A

Hydration reaction

29
Q

What are 3 common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

30
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose = table sugar

31
Q

What is maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose = malt sugar

Obtained from starch in germinating grains like beer

32
Q

What is lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose = sugar in milk

33
Q

What is polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of simple sugar (monosaccharides) molecules, usually glucose, connected by glycosidic bonds

34
Q

Polysaccharides are glucose molecules joined by what?

A

Glycosidic bonds

35
Q

4 biologically important polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

36
Q

What is starch?

A

Glucose polymer made by plants for long-term energy storage

37
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glucose polymer made by animals for long-term energy storage

38
Q

Starch is a combination of what 2 molecules?

A

Combination of amylose and amylopectin molecules

39
Q

Where is glycogen made and stored?

A

Made and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

40
Q

Starch is a combination of what two molecules?

A

Amylose and amylopectin molecules

41
Q

Glycogen are __________ than amylopectin

A

More branched

42
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Glucose polymer made by plants for structural support

Nutritionally categorized as fiber

43
Q

Which two polysaccharides can’t be digested by humans ?

A

Cellulose and chitin

44
Q

What is chitin?

A

Polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,
Derived from glucose made by insects, crabs, etc. for exoskeleton.

45
Q

What does amylose mean?

A

Means small and lightly branched

46
Q

What does amylopectin mean?

A

Heavily branched, larger, and makes up the structural framework of starch

47
Q

Why can animals break down starch but not cellulose?

A

They have different glycosidic bonds
Starch: alpha (1→ 4) and alpha (1→6) glycosidic bond
Cellulose(and chitin): beta(1→4) glycosidic bond

48
Q

The location of bonds cause what to change?

A

The shape of polymers

BIO (10 decks)

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