Linguistics - POS Flashcards

1
Q

What are all of the parts of speech? (POS) x4 x5

A

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs (content/open class/lexical words)
Determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and auxiliary verbs (function/closed class/grammatical words)

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2
Q

What does suffixation mean?

A

Refers to the end of a word

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3
Q

What does distribution mean?

A

Refers to the other words that occur in the context of the target word whose POS we are trying to determine​
E.g. nouns can have the word the or a immediately before them: the cat sat on the mat

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4
Q

What are the different noun types?

A

Proper nouns and common nouns.
Common nouns can be further broken down into
1. count nouns
2. non-count nouns
3. concrete nouns
4. abstract nouns
5. collective nouns

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5
Q

What are proper nouns?

A

Refers to specific entities, tend to have a capital letter when written, typically don’t allow plurals e.g. Essex, United Kingdom

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6
Q

What are common nouns?

A

Less specific, don’t tend to capitalise, allows plurals e.g. cat, dog

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7
Q

What are count nouns?

A

Type of common noun.
Can count them individually e.g. books, flowers, dogs

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8
Q

What are non-count nouns?

A

Type of common noun.
Can’t be counted, no specific shape or boundary e.g. happiness, progress

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9
Q

What are concrete nouns?

A

Type of common noun.
Can touch them, tangible physical entities e.g. chair, table

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10
Q

What are abstract nouns?

A

Type of common noun.
Can’t touch them, includes concepts/feelings e.g. dream, sadness

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11
Q

What are collective nouns?

A

Type of common noun.
A group that acts like a single unit e.g. group, army, family

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12
Q

What is the definition of a noun?

A

A word which refers to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts.

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13
Q

What is the definition of a verb?

A

A word that generally conveys an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.

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14
Q

What are the two types of verbs and what are their definitions?

A

Full/lexical/main verbs (content words) e.g. walk
Auxiliary verbs (helping/supporting verbs) - accompany full verbs and provide e.g. could walk

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15
Q

What does a verb suffix do and what are the different types of tense? X4

A

Can change meaning or tense of the verb by adding a different ending
1. Third person singular, present tense e.g. she plays
2. Progressive e.g. she is playing (is - auxiliary verb)
3. Past tense e.g. she played
4. Past participle e.g. she has played (has - auxiliary verb)

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16
Q

What is a primary auxiliary verb and what are the two main examples?

A

Most common auxiliary verb type.
To be: I am, you are, you were etc.
To have: I have, we had

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17
Q

What is a dummy auxiliary verb? + example

A

Used when an auxiliary is needed but not available.
To do: did, didn’t e.g. you did ask me to come, didn’t you?
Can also be used as a full verb: he did well

18
Q

What is a modal auxiliary verb?

A

Special class of auxiliaries.
Expresses additional meaning such as intention, probability and obligation.
Modal auxiliaries always appear before primary auxiliaries when present e.g. He may be singing.

19
Q

What are the modal auxiliary verbs? x9

A
  1. Can
  2. May
  3. Must
  4. Shall
  5. Will
  6. Could
  7. Might
  8. Should
  9. Would
20
Q

What is the definition of an adjective?

A

A word that describes or modifies a noun/pronouns.
It can be modified by an adverb e.g. very tall

21
Q

What is a good way to identify an adjective?

A

Suffixation: er, est e.g. faster, fastest
Distribution - predicative (after noun) and attributive (before noun)

22
Q

What are the ways in which an adjective can be used? x2

A

Predicative use: occurs after a noun e.g. the car is blue
Attributive use: occurs before a noun (most common) e.g. the blue car

23
Q

What are adverbs?

A

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

24
Q

What are the two types of adverbs?

A

Intensifiers e.g. very, extremely
Qualifiers e.g. quite, rather

25
Q

What are the most common types of adverbs?

A

(Always check to see if it is actually an adverb): almost, already, always, here, now, often, particularly, probably, quite, sometimes, then, today, usually, very, yesterday​
“Wh” words: Why/ where/ how /when are also adverbs.

26
Q

What are adverbs useful for referring to? x6

A
  1. Time – tells us when something happens (yesterday, early)​ e.g. I never get up early at the weekend​
  2. Place – tells us where something happens (everywhere, nearby)​ e.g. There was somebody standing nearby​
  3. Manner – tells us the way something happens (carefully, slowly, well) e.g. She carefully cut out the shape​
  4. Degree – tells us the extent of something (totally, very, rather)​ e.g. It’s rather hot​
  5. Frequency – tells us the likelihood of something happening (often, always)​ e.g I’m always losing my phone​
  6. Duration (forever)​ e.g I’m forever lost on campus​
27
Q

What is the definition of a determiner?

A

A word that modifies nouns or nouns equivalent. They help clarify what a noun is referring to.

28
Q

What are some examples of determiners and what are the different types?

A
  1. The, a, an (also called ‘articles’) - a word that comes before a noun to show if it’s specific or general.
  2. This, these, that, those (also called ‘demonstratives’) - a word that points something out in the real world
  3. My, your, his, her, its, our, their (also called ‘possessives’) - which shows who or what something belongs to or is connected with
    * - can also be a pronoun
    ‘The’ will always be a determiner
29
Q

What test can you use to decipher if it’s a determiner?

A

Substitute something that is unambiguously pronoun or determiner – is the sentence still grammatical?
Pronoun version:
I like this/I like the
- it doesn’t work so therefore it’s a pronoun
Determiner version:
I like this book/I like the book
- it does work so therefore it’s a determiner

30
Q

What is a pronoun?

A

A pronoun is a word that can be substituted for another word, or for a group of words.

31
Q

What do closed class words mean?

A

Unlikely a new word will enter the language that will belong to these.
Determiner, preposition, auxiliary verb, pronoun, conjunction.

32
Q

What does open class words mean?

A

Membership is open as new words will almost always be these.
Noun, full verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

33
Q

What is a preposition?

A

Refer to the relationship between things in space, time or direction.
Most commonly followed by a noun phrase or pronoun.
Closed set class - islands of reliability.

34
Q

What are some ways in which you can identify a noun? x6

A
  1. Suffixation evidence - listed in table 5.1 (p.59/60)
  2. Suffixation apostrophe evidence - Julie’s
  3. Plural evidence
  4. Distribution evidence - determiners, prepositions and adjectives frequently come before nouns
  5. A noun can be an appropriate answer to a one-word question e.g. Who did this? John
  6. Names of people and places
35
Q

What are some ways in which you can identify a pronoun?

A
  1. Substitution evidence - replace with individual/group of words
  2. Anaphora/anaphoric reference - when words reference something that has been mentioned earlier in the sentence (something that pronouns typically do)
  3. Antecedent - technical term for specific word/group of words that were mentioned earlier e.g. she and Sue
  4. Cataphoric reference - word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand e.g. When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open.
36
Q

What are the different types of pronoun? x7

A
  1. Personal pronouns - 1st (you, e.g. I), 2nd (conversion partner e.g. you), 3rd (someone else, she)
  2. Reflexive - same entity of the noun mentioned earlier on in the sentence e.g. himself
  3. Possessive - e.g. That car is his
  4. Interrogative pronouns - who, whom, whose, which and what
  5. Relative - same form as interrogative but not in a question form - who, whom, whose, which, that e.g. There are lots of ways in which to exercise
  6. Demonstrative - used to point to specific people/things e.g. these, this, these, those
  7. Indefinite - doesn’t refer to a specific thing e.g. everyone, everything, nothing
37
Q

What is a good way to decipher a full verb? x5

A
  1. Suffix evidence e.g. -ify, -ise, -ize, -s (as verb never means more than one)
  2. Distributional evidence - often preceded by pronouns or groups of nouns
  3. Full/auxiliary verb - ‘to be’ - am, is, are, was, were
  4. Forms am and are are sometimes contracted e.g. I’m sorry: contractible copula, or uncontracted e.g. I am sorry: uncontractible copula
  5. Prepositions sometimes occur alongside full verbs to form multi word verbs such as cross out or turn on.
38
Q

What is an auxiliary verb?

A

Grammatically supports full verb e.g. They HAVE arrived
Can sometimes appear without full verb but not common e.g. Who is crying? She IS

39
Q

What is the definition of a conjunction?

A

A word used to connect clauses or used to coordinate words in the same clause.

40
Q

What are the different types of conjunction? x3

A
  1. Coordinating - used to conjoin two linguistic units of the same kind - and, but, or
    E.g. I cried and cried and cried - three verbs
  2. Subordinating - used when one unit is more important than the other
    E.g. Rosa Parks was arrested because she would not give her seat up on the bus - implies ‘Rosa Parks was arrested’ was the main part
    - Subordinating conjunction can appear first in a sentence e.g. BECAUSE Rosa Parks was arrested etc.
  3. Correlative conjunctions - conjunctions used in pairs e.g. either/or: He was either honest or poor
41
Q

What are some examples for a coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunction?

A
  1. Coordinating - and, but, or
  2. Subordinating - because, after, although, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, till, unless, until, while
  3. Correlative - either/or: He was either honest or poor
42
Q

What is a performative verb?

A

Verb carried out by uttering them aloud e.g. I name you Elizabeth