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11E > Lifestyle and Health > Flashcards

Lifestyle and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

Physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A factor which makes it more likely that you will develop a disease

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3
Q

Define communicable

A

A disease which can be transmitted/spread from person to person

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4
Q

Define non-communicable

A

A disease which cannot be transmitted/spread from person to person

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5
Q

What are the three main ingredients in cigarettes?

A

Carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine

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6
Q

Describe the effect of tar on the body

A

Lung cancer, damages cilia which leads to a build up of mucus in airways

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7
Q

Describe the effect of carbon monoxide in the body

A

Binds to RBCs and reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the blood

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8
Q

Describe the effect of nicotine on the body

A

Addictive

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9
Q

State the main organ affected by smoking

A

Lungs

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10
Q

Define carcinogen

A

A substance which causes cancer

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11
Q

State the two main organs affected by alcohol

A

Liver and brain

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12
Q

Why does alcohol damage the liver?

A

The liver filters toxins like alcohol from the blood, too much alcohol too often damages the cells in the liver

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13
Q

What do we call the liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Cirrhosis

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14
Q

Why is alcohol called a depressant?

A

It slows down your reactions

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15
Q

What two parts of the body are affected by cardiovascular disease?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

What is a statin?

A

A prescribed drug which reduces the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries

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17
Q

What is a stent?

A

A wire tube inserted into the arteries to keep them open

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18
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?

A

Heart attack

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19
Q

What are the two options if someone has heart failure?

A

Donor heart or mechanical heart

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20
Q

What are the three options if someone has “leaky” valves?

A

Donor valves, mechanical valves and animal tissue valves

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21
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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22
Q

What is the function of coronary arteries?

A

To provide the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose

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23
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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24
Q

State three levels maintained by homeostasis

A

Water, ions, body temperature and blood glucose

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25
Q

How does the body increase core body temperature?

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction

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26
Q

How does the body decrease core body temperature?

A

Sweating, vasodilation

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27
Q

How are water and ion levels controlled in the body?

A

Urination, sweating, fluid intake, salt intake

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28
Q

State the two hormones which control blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin and glucagon

29
Q

Name the organ which detects blood glucose levels

A

Pancreas

30
Q

Name the target organ for insulin and glucagon

A

Liver

31
Q

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

32
Q

Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

33
Q

How does the body store glucose?

A

As glycogen

34
Q

Where does the body store glucose?

A

Liver and muscle cells

35
Q

State the effect of insulin on the body

A

Promotes storage of glucose as glycogen, helps cells take in glucose for respiration

36
Q

State the effect of glucagon on the body

A

Promotes release of glucose

37
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune - body destroys its own pancreatic cells so they do not produce insulin

38
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Body cells become resistant to insulin

39
Q

State one risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

40
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections, control of carbohydrate intake and exercise

41
Q

How is Type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Control of carbohydrate intake and exercise

42
Q

Name the male reproductive hormone

A

Testosterone

43
Q

Name the female reproductive hormone

A

Oestrogen

44
Q

Name the four hormones which control the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

45
Q

State the function of FSH

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovary

46
Q

State the function of LH

A

Causes the release of an egg, ovulation

47
Q

State the function of oestrogen

A

Builds up the uterus lining, causes LH surge

48
Q

State the function of progesterone

A

Maintains the uterus lining, inhibits FSH and LH

49
Q

What day(s) does menstruaton occur?

A

Day 1-5

50
Q

What day(s) does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

51
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The shedding of the uterus lining

52
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

53
Q

How do hormonal contraceptives work?

A

Prevent an egg being released or prevent a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus lining

54
Q

How do non-hormonal contraceptives work?

A

Prevent egg and sperm meeting

55
Q

State two examples of hormonal contraception

A

The pill (oral contraceptive), hormonal implant, patch, or injection

56
Q

State two examples of non-hormonal contraception

A

Condom, femidom, cap, coil

57
Q

What factors should be considered when choosing a form of contraception?

A

Effectiveness/reliability, side effects, ease of use, obtainability, STD protection, duration

58
Q

Define infertility

A

The inability to produce offspring

59
Q

What is IVF?

A

When eggs and sperm are removed from the parents (or donors) and fertilised outside the body to form embryos. These are then implanted into the mother’s (or surrogate’s) uterus.

60
Q

What hormones are injected into the woman during IVF?

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen

61
Q

Why is FSH used during IVF?

A

To cause the maturation of many eggs

62
Q

Why is LH used during IVF?

A

To cause the release of many eggs

63
Q

Why is oestrogen used during IVF?

A

To build up the uterus linign ready for implantation

64
Q

Why are multiple embryos implanted during IVF?

A

To increase the chance of an embryo developing into a foetus

65
Q

What is a surrogate?

A

A woman who carries a foetus and gives birth for another woman

66
Q

What is the vector of malaria?

A

mosquito

67
Q

What two treatments can be used for coronary heart disease?

A

stents to keep coronary arteries open or statins to reduce cholesterol.

68
Q

What four hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle ?

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen, luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone .

69
Q
A

11E (24 decks)

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