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11E > Lifestyle and Health > Flashcards

Lifestyle and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

Physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A factor which makes it more likely that you will develop a disease

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3
Q

Define communicable

A

A disease which can be transmitted/spread from person to person

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4
Q

Define non-communicable

A

A disease which cannot be transmitted/spread from person to person

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5
Q

What are the three main ingredients in cigarettes?

A

Carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine

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6
Q

Describe the effect of tar on the body

A

Lung cancer, damages cilia which leads to a build up of mucus in airways

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7
Q

Describe the effect of carbon monoxide in the body

A

Binds to RBCs and reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the blood

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8
Q

Describe the effect of nicotine on the body

A

Addictive

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9
Q

State the main organ affected by smoking

A

Lungs

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10
Q

Define carcinogen

A

A substance which causes cancer

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11
Q

State the two main organs affected by alcohol

A

Liver and brain

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12
Q

Why does alcohol damage the liver?

A

The liver filters toxins like alcohol from the blood, too much alcohol too often damages the cells in the liver

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13
Q

What do we call the liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Cirrhosis

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14
Q

Why is alcohol called a depressant?

A

It slows down your reactions

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15
Q

What two parts of the body are affected by cardiovascular disease?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

What is a statin?

A

A prescribed drug which reduces the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries

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17
Q

What is a stent?

A

A wire tube inserted into the arteries to keep them open

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18
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?

A

Heart attack

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19
Q

What are the two options if someone has heart failure?

A

Donor heart or mechanical heart

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20
Q

What are the three options if someone has “leaky” valves?

A

Donor valves, mechanical valves and animal tissue valves

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21
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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22
Q

What is the function of coronary arteries?

A

To provide the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose

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23
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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24
Q

State three levels maintained by homeostasis

A

Water, ions, body temperature and blood glucose

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25
How does the body increase core body temperature?
Shivering, vasoconstriction
26
How does the body decrease core body temperature?
Sweating, vasodilation
27
How are water and ion levels controlled in the body?
Urination, sweating, fluid intake, salt intake
28
State the two hormones which control blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
29
Name the organ which detects blood glucose levels
Pancreas
30
Name the target organ for insulin and glucagon
Liver
31
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
32
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
33
How does the body store glucose?
As glycogen
34
Where does the body store glucose?
Liver and muscle cells
35
State the effect of insulin on the body
Promotes storage of glucose as glycogen, helps cells take in glucose for respiration
36
State the effect of glucagon on the body
Promotes release of glucose
37
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune - body destroys its own pancreatic cells so they do not produce insulin
38
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Body cells become resistant to insulin
39
State one risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
40
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Insulin injections, control of carbohydrate intake and exercise
41
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
Control of carbohydrate intake and exercise
42
Name the male reproductive hormone
Testosterone
43
Name the female reproductive hormone
Oestrogen
44
Name the four hormones which control the menstrual cycle
FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone
45
State the function of FSH
Causes an egg to mature in the ovary
46
State the function of LH
Causes the release of an egg, ovulation
47
State the function of oestrogen
Builds up the uterus lining, causes LH surge
48
State the function of progesterone
Maintains the uterus lining, inhibits FSH and LH
49
What day(s) does menstruaton occur?
Day 1-5
50
What day(s) does ovulation occur?
Day 14
51
What is menstruation?
The shedding of the uterus lining
52
How long does the menstrual cycle last?
28 days
53
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
Prevent an egg being released or prevent a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus lining
54
How do non-hormonal contraceptives work?
Prevent egg and sperm meeting
55
State two examples of hormonal contraception
The pill (oral contraceptive), hormonal implant, patch, or injection
56
State two examples of non-hormonal contraception
Condom, femidom, cap, coil
57
What factors should be considered when choosing a form of contraception?
Effectiveness/reliability, side effects, ease of use, obtainability, STD protection, duration
58
Define infertility
The inability to produce offspring
59
What is IVF?
When eggs and sperm are removed from the parents (or donors) and fertilised outside the body to form embryos. These are then implanted into the mother's (or surrogate's) uterus.
60
What hormones are injected into the woman during IVF?
FSH, LH, oestrogen
61
Why is FSH used during IVF?
To cause the maturation of many eggs
62
Why is LH used during IVF?
To cause the release of many eggs
63
Why is oestrogen used during IVF?
To build up the uterus linign ready for implantation
64
Why are multiple embryos implanted during IVF?
To increase the chance of an embryo developing into a foetus
65
What is a surrogate?
A woman who carries a foetus and gives birth for another woman
66
What is the vector of malaria?
mosquito
67
What two treatments can be used for coronary heart disease?
stents to keep coronary arteries open or statins to reduce cholesterol.
68
What four hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle ?
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen, luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone .
69

11E (24 decks)

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