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11E > 4.4 Explaining Change- Variation & Evolution > Flashcards

4.4 Explaining Change- Variation & Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause variation in an individual?

A

a combination of these

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2
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in DNA

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3
Q

What is a problem of selective breeding?

A

Inbreeding can occur

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4
Q

What is it called if two populations of one species become isolated geographically and evolve in different ways to suit different conditions?

A

Speciation

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5
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

Organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Which is the correct order for classifying species?

A

Kingdom, Phyllum ,Class ,Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

Which of the following is not evidence for evolution?

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Which two things does the binomial system use to name organisms?

A

Genus and species

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9
Q

Why is genetic engineering better than selective breeding?

A

Faster

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10
Q

Why does sexual reproduction produce a large amount of variation within a species?

A

Random mixing of genes from both parents

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11
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Changes in DNA

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12
Q

When can mutations be beneficial?

A

If the organism is more likely to survive because of the mutation

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13
Q

What is a variant?

A

Organisms that differ due to genetic mutations

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14
Q

Why would a mutation result in a possible change of phenotype?

A

If it occurs in DNA which is part of a gene

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15
Q

Explain why most mutations are not harmful.

A

They occur in parts of DNA that do not have a function

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16
Q

How common are mutations that affect phenotype?

A

Rare

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17
Q

How do mutations lead to a change in the phenotype?

A

Changes the sequence of amino acids and therefore the protein

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18
Q

How long ago did simple life forms first develop?

A

Over 3 billion years ago

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19
Q

What is meant by natural selection?

A

Variation in a species allowed some individuals to survive better than others

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20
Q

What evidence did Darwin use to suggest the theory of natural selection?

A

Differences in finches on the different Galapagos Islands, due to different food sources on each island

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21
Q

How do Darwin’s finches provide evidence for natural selection?

A

The finches were similar to, but not the same as, those on the mainland. They had changed over time

22
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

23
Q

A mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey. Horses have 64 chromosomes, donkeys 62. Suggest why mules are infertile?

A

They have 63 chromosomes, which cannot be halved to produce gametes

24
Q

What term describes when populations of organisms become new species?

A

Speciation

25
Q

Suggest what could happen if a species cannot evolve?

A

It will go extinct

26
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of dead organisms

27
Q

Amber is fossilised tree resin. It is sometimes found containing preserved organisms. Why haven’t these decayed?

A

Lack of oxygen

28
Q

Which part of an organism does mineral replacement most commonly happen to?

A

Bones and teeth

29
Q

What is the evidence that tells us some organisms have changed very little over time?

A

There are fossils that look very similar to the organism as it is today

30
Q

What is extinction?

A

When there are no more individuals of a species left alive

31
Q

Why do we have few fossils of early life forms?

A

They were microbes or soft-bodied

32
Q

How are relative ages of fossil species worked out?

A

By working out the age of the rock they are found in

33
Q

Describe how antibiotic resistance develops.

A

A mutation causes the bacteria to be resistant to antibiotics, this bacteria survive and reproduce, passing on resistance

34
Q

Suggest some other characteristics that sheep may be bred for apart from meat.

A

Wool, milk

35
Q

Describe the technique of selective breeding.

A

Select organisms with desired characteristics, bred them together and repeat over many generations

36
Q

Suggest two characteristics that a cattle farmer might want to develop.

A

Meat, milk production

37
Q

Suggest 3 characteristics that crop plants could be bred for.

A

Increased yield, flavour, disease resistance

38
Q

What could happen to a crop made up of one variety if the environment changed?

A

Could be wiped out

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding?

A

May reduce genetic fitness of individuals

40
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Production of offspring from mating individuals that are closely related genetically

41
Q

How is a useful gene isolated from an organism’s genome?

A

Cutting it out using enzymes

42
Q

How do scientists transfer an isolated gene into a target cell?

A

Using a vector

43
Q

Give an example of a vector used in genetic engineering.

A

Virus or bacterial plasmid

44
Q

What is a vector?

A

Something used to transfer genes

45
Q

Why do bacteria make effective vectors?

A

They contain small loops of DNA which can be transferred to other cells

46
Q

Give one useful substance that bacteria have been genetically modified to produce.

A

Insulin

47
Q

Give two reasons for genetic modification of plant crops.

A

Increased yield, increased vitamin content

48
Q

Give one benefit and one risk of GM crops.

A

Benefits – feeding the hungry, treating diseases
Risks – cross-pollination, resistant insects

49
Q

What process is the gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time?

A

Evolution

50
Q

What is the classification system called where names are made up of genus + species?

A

The binomial system

51
Q

How is selective breeding different from genetic engineering?

A

Selective breeding - process of breeding plants and animals with certain, desirable genetic features. Genetic engineering - transplanting genes for a desired characteristic into an organism

11E (24 decks)

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