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11E > Cells in Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Cells in Animals and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Define magnification

A

How much larger an image is compared to the real object

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2
Q

Define resolution

A

The degree at which two objects can be seen as two separate objects rather than one

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3
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image/Actual

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4
Q

How do you convert micrometers into millimeters?

A

Divide by 1000

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5
Q

How do you convert millimeters into micrometers?

A

Multiply by 1000

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6
Q

Name two types of microscope

A

Light and electron

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7
Q

Which type of microscope has a higher resolution?

A

Electron

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8
Q

Which type of microscope has a higher magnification?

A

Electron

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9
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell which does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

Plant, animal, yeast

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12
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

State the function of the nucleus

A

Controls the cell, contains DNA

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14
Q

State the function of the cytoplasm

A

Water-based, where most chemical reactions occur

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15
Q

State the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls which substances enter and leave the cell

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16
Q

State the function of the mitochondria

A

Carry out respiration to release energy

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17
Q

State the function of the chloroplast

A

Absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

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18
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

Provides strength and support to the cell

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19
Q

State the function of the ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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20
Q

State the function of the vacuole

A

Stores cell sap - a mixture of sugar and salt

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21
Q

Give three examples of specialised animal cells

A

Sperm, muscle, and nerve cells

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22
Q

Give three examples of specialised plant cells

A

Root hair cell, palisade cell, xylem, and phloem

23
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to swim to the egg?

A

Tail for movement

24
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to carry messages?

A

Long

25
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to contract and relax?

A

Cells can get shorter or longer

26
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted to absorb water?

A

Root hair gives a large surface area

27
Q

How is a palisade cell adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

Contains many chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

28
Q

How are xylem and phloem adapted to transport substances around the plant?

A

Form long, hollow tubes

29
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

30
Q

Explain why temperature affects the rate of diffusion

A

Higher temp. means that particles have more kinetic energy and move faster.

31
Q

State how concentration gradient affects the rate of diffusion

A

Greater concentration gradient speeds up diffusion

32
Q

State how surface area affects the rate of diffusion

A

Larger surface area speeds up diffusion

33
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

34
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane which only allows certain substances to pass through (usually small molecules such as water)

35
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in pure water? (hypotonic solution)

A

Water moves in to the cell by osmosis and the cell becomes turgid (normal for a plant cell)

36
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in pure water? (hypotonic solution)

A

Water moves in to the cell by osmosis and the cell bursts

37
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in a concentrated salt solution? (hypertonic solution)

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the cell becomes plasmolysed

38
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in a concentrated salt solution? (hypertonic solution)

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the cell shrivels

39
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in a dilute salt solution? (isotonic solution)

A

There is no net movement of water so the cell is flaccid

40
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in a dilute salt solution? (isotonic solution)

A

There is no net movement of water so the cell is normal

41
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient) which requires energy

42
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Proteins in the cell membrane which carry substances from one side of the cell to the other using energy to change shape.

43
Q

Give an example of where active transport occurs in plants

A

In the roots, minerals are absorbed by active transport

44
Q

Give an example of where active transport occurs in animals

A

In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed by active transport

45
Q

State the two types of cell division, spelled correctly!

A

Mitosis and meiosis

46
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair

47
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Production of gametes/sex cells

48
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes

49
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with the normal number of chromosomes

50
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during mitosis?

A

2

51
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?

A

4

52
Q

Which type of cell division produces genetically identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

53
Q

Which type of cell division produces genetically different daughter cells?

A

Meiosis

11E (24 decks)

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