Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

11E > Human Body Systems > Flashcards

Human Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the reactants of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the effect of excess lactic acid?

A

Cramp/muscle fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which type of respiration is more efficient?

A

Aerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When are you more likely to carry out anaerobic respiration>

A

During exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required after exercising to break down lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do gases move in and out of the blood?

A

Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have large surface areas?

A

To speed up absorption (by diffusion or active transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have thin walls?

A

To reduce the distance of the diffusion pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do exchange surface have a good blood supply?

A

To maintain high concentration gradients to speed up diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What gives the small intestine a large surface area?

A

Villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pumps blood around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the top two chambers of the heart called?

A

Right and left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

Right and left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To carry blood towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Gas exchange within muscles and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are the arteries adapted to carry blood at high pressure?

A

Elastic walls which recoil and return to their original shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How are the veins adapted to carry blood at low pressure?
Valves to prevent backflow of blood
26
What is the purpose of valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood
27
How are capillaries adapted for gas exchange?
Thin walls - one cell thick
28
What are the four components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
29
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
30
What is the function of the red blood cells?
Carry oxygen
31
What do red blood cells contain which binds to the oxygen?
Haemoglobin
32
What is the function of the white blood cells?
They are part of the immune system
33
What is the function of platelets?
Help the blood to clot and form scabs
34
What is the function of plasma?
The liquid part of the blood which allows blood to flow
35
How are red blood cells different to any other animal cell?
They do not contain a nucleus
36
What is the function of the aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
37
What is the function of the vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
38
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
39
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
40
Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?
Left
41
Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
Right
42
Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the right?
The left ventricle pumps blood around the whole body so needs to build up higher pressure
43
Name two substances carried by plasma (not blood cells or platelets)
Glucose, carbon dioxide, urea, salts, hormones, amino acids, fatty acids
44
Name three parts of the body where digestion occurs
Mouth, stomach, small intestine
45
Define digestion
Large, insoluble molecules are broken down into small, soluble molecules
46
What biological catalysts speed up digestion?
Enzymes
47
Name the enzyme which digests starch
Amylase
48
Name the products of starch digestion
Simple sugars/ glucose
49
What enzyme digests protein?
Protease or pepsin
50
What are the products of protein digestion?
Amino acids
51
Name the enzyme which digests lipids (fats)
Lipase
52
Name the products of lipid digestion
Fatty acids and glycerol
53
What enzyme does saliva contain?
Amylase
54
Give two examples of mechanical digestion
Teeth/chewing and stomach churning
55
Name the acid produced by the stomach
Hydrochloric
56
State two reasons why the stomach produces acid
1. To kill pathogens/bacteria on food and 2. To provide optimum conditions for pepsin to digest proteins
57
What are the two functions of bile?
To neutralise stomach acid and to emulsify lipids
58
Why do lipids need to be emulsified?
To increase their surface area and speed up digestion by lipase
59
Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood?
Small intestine
60
What organ produces the enzymes needed for digestion?
Pancreas
61
Where is water absorbed into the blood?
Large intestine
62
Where is bile stored before release?
Gall bladder
63
State the reagent used to test for starch
Iodine
64
State the reagent used to test for lipids
Ethanol
65
State the reagent used to test for sugar
Benedict's
66
State the reagent used to test for protein
Biuret
67
Describe the positive result for the test for starch
Brown --> Blue/black
68
Describe the positive result for the test for lipids
Clear --> Cloudy
69
Describe the positive result for the test for sugar
Blue --> Orange/red
70
Describe the positive result for the test for protein
Pale blue --> Lilac
71
What must be done when testing for sugar?
Heat sample and Benedict's to at least 85 degrees
72
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment
73
What is a receptor?
Something which detects a change
74
Give an example of a receptor
Sense organs, e.g. eyes, ears
75
What are the three types of neurone?
Sensory, motor, relay
76
Which neurone carries impulses from the receptor to the CNS?
Sensory
77
Which neurone carries impulses from the CNS to the effector?
Motor
78
Which neurone carries impulses within the CNS?
Relay
79
What is a synapse?
A gap between two neurones
80
How are nerve impulses transmitted across a synapse?
Chemical neurotransmitters diffuse across
81
What is an effector?
A muscle or gland which carries out a repsonse
82
What are the two parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
83
What is a reflex action?
An involuntary, rapid response which does not pass through the brain
84
What is the purpose of a reflex action?
To prevent/reduce harm
85
Define what a gland is
An organ which produces hormones
86
Define what a target organ is
An organ which a hormone acts on
87
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger carried in the blood
88
Name the hormone produced by the adrenal glands
Adrenaline
89
The "fight or flight" response ic caused by which hormone?
Adrenaline
90
Name the hormone produced by the thyroid
Thyroxine
91
Which hormone regulates your metabolism?
Thyroxine
92
What is the endocrine system?
The glands and hormones which regulate our internal environment
93
What is an organ?
different tissues working together to perform a specific job
94
What are the three different types of blood vessel?
arteries, veins and capillaries.
95
What are the three main types of digestive enzymes?
protease, lipase and carbohydrase.
96
What is the difference between receptors and effectors
Receptors are cells which detect stimuli, whereas effectors produce responses to stimuli.
97
What are the chemical messengers produced by glands of the endocrine system ?
Hormones

11E (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions