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TEAS TEST > Life Sciences > Flashcards

Life Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

_______ compounds are those that contain carbon.

A

organic

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2
Q

_______ compounds are those that do not contain carbon.

A

inorganic

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3
Q

______, also called sugars, are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

An example of a monosaccharide is ______.

A

glucose

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6
Q

When simple sugars like glucose bond together, or when monosaccharides for together, they form polymers called ________.

A

polysaccharides

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7
Q

What are two examples of polymers of glucose?

A

starch; cellulose

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8
Q

______ are compounds primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen with only a small percentage of oxygen.

A

lipids

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9
Q

The head of a lipid is formed of ______ or ______, and the tail is formed from _______ _____.

A

glycerol; phosphate; hydrocarbon chain

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10
Q

The head of a lipid is ______, meaning it is hydrophilic.

A

polar

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11
Q

The tail of lipid is ______, meaning it is hydrophobic.

A

nonpolar

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12
Q

The ________ of a lipid describes the number of double bonds in the tail of the lipid.

A

saturation

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13
Q

The more double bonds a lipid tail has, the more ______ the molecule is.

A

unsaturated

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14
Q

Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temp; Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.

A

liquid; solid

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15
Q

Proteins are composed of ______ _____.

A

amino acids

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16
Q

The sequence of amino acids in the chain determine the protein’s ______ and _____.

A

structure and function

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17
Q

What 3 parts make up an amino acid?

A

amino group
carboxyl group
R group

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18
Q

Which part of the amino acid differs for each amino acid?

A

The R group

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19
Q

How many amino acids are used to produce proteins?

A

22

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20
Q

______ _______ store all the information necessary to produce proteins. This includes DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

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21
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of smaller molecules called _________.

A

nucleotides

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22
Q

What 4 nucleotides is DNA made from?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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23
Q

What are the purines of DNA?

A

adenine

guanine

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24
Q

What are the pyrimidines of DNA?

A

thymine

cytosine

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25
Q

Adenine bonds with _______; guanine bonds with ______.

A

thymine; cytosine

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26
Q

In RNA, thymine is replaced by what nucleotide? What does it bond with in DNA?

A

uracil; adenine

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27
Q

RNA exists as a ______ strand; DNA exists as a ______ strand.

A

single; double

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28
Q

DNA is ______, meaning it matters in which direction the DNA is read. What are the two ends of DNA strand are called the ____’ and the ____’.

A

directional; 3; 5

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29
Q

For two complementary strands of DNA, one end starts at 5’ and the other starts at ____.

A

3’

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30
Q

The _____ is the smallest unit of life.

A

cell

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31
Q

What organelle is responsible fore making ATP within the cell?

A

mitochondria

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32
Q

What organelle is a small body used to transfer materials within and out the cell?

A

vacuole

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33
Q

What part of cell contains all of the genetic information in the form of DNA?

A

nucleus

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34
Q

What organelle is used for translation of mRNA into proteins and for the transport of proteins out of the cell?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

The rough ER has many ______ attached to it.

A

ribosomes

36
Q

The smooth ER is associated with the production of ____ and ______ ______.

A

fats; steroid hormones

37
Q

The rough ER function as the cell’s machinery in transforming _____ into ______.

A

RNA; proteins

38
Q

What organelle is a small two-protein unit that reads mRNA and creates amino acids?

A

ribosomes

39
Q

What organelle collects, packages, and distributes the proteins produced by ribosomes? The packing house of the cell.

A

golgi apparatus

40
Q

What PLANT organelle is where the reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplasts

41
Q

What surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves?

A

cell membrane

42
Q

The cell membrane is composed of ________.

A

phospholipids

43
Q

When something is hydrophobic it ______ water.

A

repels or fails to mix with water

44
Q

When something is hydrophilic, it has a tendency to ______ with water.

A

mix

45
Q

What are the proteins called that cross the entire membrane, and allow for the transportation of molecules into and out of the cell?

A

transmembrane proteins

46
Q

What are the two major classes of membrane transport?

A

active and passive transport

47
Q

How does active transport allow for the passing of substances across the membrane?

A

It uses ATP for energy to change the structure of the protein on the cell membrane. The change in structure of the membrane allows it to funnel molecules across the cell membrane.

48
Q

How does passive transport allow cells across the membrane?

A

Through facilitated diffusion; it does not require energy and utilizes the proteins on the cell membrane allowing specific molecules to pass through the protein channels.

49
Q

______ is the concentration of solutes in the cell.

A

Tonicity

50
Q

How does water enter and exit the cell?

A

osmosis

51
Q

If there is a higher tonicity inside the cell, then water will _____ the cell. If there is higher tonicity outside the cell, water will ______ the cell.

A

enter; leave

52
Q

When a cell is in an ______ environment, the same concentration of solutes exists inside and outside the cell. No transport of water.

A

isotonic

53
Q

When a cell is a _______ environment, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell.

A

hypertonic

54
Q

When a cell is hypertonic, will it shrivel or swell?

A

shrivel

55
Q

When a cell is in a ______ environment, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell.

A

hypotonic

56
Q

When a cell is hypotonic environment, will it shrivel or swell?

A

swell

57
Q

How to cells signal to one another?

A

via chemical signals excreted by the cell

58
Q

Local or direct cell signaling is a signal that occurs when?

A

When cells are right next to each other or within a few cells distance

59
Q

Hydrophilic heads point towards the _____ of the cell while hydrophobic tails point towards the ______ of the cell.

A

outside; inside

60
Q

What is the primary chemical used in long - range signaling?

A

a hormone

61
Q

What is an example of a long range signaling in the body?

A

insulin secreted by the pancreas; spreads throughout the entire body via the blood then when it binds to an insulin receptor then cell takes in more glucose

62
Q

The cell cycle is the process cells go through as they _____, _____, and _____

A

live, grow, and divide

63
Q

What is a acronym to remember the cell cycle?

A

Go Sally Go, Make Children

64
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A 
Growth phase 1
S phase
Growth phase 2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
65
Q

Together the G1, S, G2 phases are known as _________.

A

interphase

66
Q

What is the process of cell division called?

A

mitosis

67
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
68
Q

What is a good acronym to remember mitosis?

A

I Passed My Anatomy Test

69
Q

Mitosis produces _____ resulting daughter cells that have the same identical genetic material.

A

two

70
Q

In _______ the DNA in the cell winds in to chromatin, and each pair of duplicated chromosomes becomes joined.

A

prophase

71
Q

In ________, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

A

metaphase

72
Q

In _______, the chromosomes move to separate sides of the cell, and the cell structure begins to lengthen.

A

anaphase

73
Q

In _______, the cell membrane splits and two new daughter cells are formed.

A

telophase; cytokinesis

74
Q

_____ is cellular division that creates gametes.

A

meiosis

75
Q

Meiosis results in how many daughter cells each with how many chromosomes?

A

4; 1

76
Q

How many stages of meiosis are there?

A

2

77
Q

During mitosis, DNA is tightly packaged into units called _________. When the DNA has replicated the chromosome is composed of two ______ joined together at the ________.

A

chromosomes; chromatids; certromere

78
Q

When a cell is a diploid, it has ______ sets of homologous chromosomes. Cells that are haploid have _____ set of chromosomes.

A

2;1

79
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46; 23 pairs

80
Q

What is the process by which as copy of DNA is created in a cell?

A

DNA Replication

81
Q

The leading strand of DNA can only be read in the ___ to ___ direction. The lagging strand, runs from ___ to ___.

A

3 to 5; 5 to 3

82
Q

The study of genes and how they are passed down to offspring is called _______.

A

genetics

83
Q

Multiple versions of the same gene are called ______.account variation in a population.

A

alleles

84
Q

An organism’s _______ is its complete genetic code. It’s _______ is an organism’s observable characteristics, such as height, eye color, skin color, and hair color.

A

genotype; phenotype

TEAS TEST (15 decks)

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