Life on Earth: What are its origins? (EXAM 1)

Question 1

Biodiversity

Answer 1

defined as “Life on Earth”. Includes all living (biotic) organisms and their complex interactions with each other and with the non-living (abiotic) aspects of their enviornment

Question 2

of species of fish

Answer 2

30,000

Question 3

of species of birds

Answer 3

10,000

Question 4

of species of mammals

Answer 4

5,000

Question 5

of species of plants

Answer 5

350,000

Question 6

of species of reptiles

Answer 6

8,200

Question 7

of species of amphibians

Answer 7

6,200

Question 8

of species of insects

Answer 8

over 1 million

beetles are the largest group

Question 9

of species of fungi

Answer 9

100,000

Question 10

Species

Answer 10

defined as an individual organism that is assigned a name (common name and scientific name)

Question 11

Speciation

Answer 11

occurs via the process of evolution

Question 12

Evolution

Answer 12

when species descend with modification, from ancestral species over time
- Change + Time=difference=advantage=adaptation/survival

Question 13

Macroevolution

Answer 13

change above the species level

Ex) birds evolved from reptiles

Question 14

Microevolution

Answer 14

change within a gene pool over time

Ex) darwins finches

Question 15

gene pool

Answer 15

genetic material within a population

Question 16

Coevolution

Answer 16

mutual influence between two species, where each species exerts selective pressure effecting each others evolution
Ex) predator vs prey

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

random changes in DNA to produce variation within populations; also crossing over occurs during meiosis

Question 18

mutation frequency

Answer 18

1 in 10 with 1 in 1000 mutations being beneficial

Question 19

Sources of evolutionary variation

Answer 19

bacterial symbionts and viruses

Question 20

Natural Selection

Answer 20

a process by which unfavorable variations are “weeded out” and greatly improves the survival of offspring (survival of the fittest)

Question 21

Charles Darwin

Answer 21

1809-1882

went to galapagos island on the HMS Beagle, studied finches, known for natural selection

Question 22

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 22

1823-1913

also known for natural selection

Question 23

Directional Selection

Answer 23

changing environmental conditions causing shifts in population

Question 24

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 24

elimination of individuals at extremes of population favoring the average

Question 25

Diversifying or Disruptive Selection

Answer 25

individuals at extremes are favored due to environmental stress

Question 26

Gene Flow

Answer 26

movement or exchange of genetic material between populations= isolated segments of a large population interact

Question 27

Genetic Drift

Answer 27

genetic change due to chance events (natural or human) that result in small population size creating a genetic bottleneck and resulting in the elimination of beneficial adaptation

Question 28

Founder Effect

Answer 28

the establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals that carry a small fraction of the original populations genetic variation