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Biology 112 > Bio Final: ECOLOGY: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS > Flashcards

Bio Final: ECOLOGY: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of species

A

native and non-native/exotic/alien

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2
Q

native species

A

normally occurs in a particular ecosystem. Endemic: restricted to a specific locality
ex) giant sequia tree (largest) coast redwood tree (tallest) bristle cone pine (oldest)

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3
Q

non-native/exotic/alien species

A

introduced into ecosystem, usually by humans. Feral, global amphibian declines

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4
Q

feral

A

domestic species becoming wild, ex) goats, burros, dogs, cats, aust brushtail opossum in new zealand

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5
Q

global amphibian declines

A

asian longhorn beetle, new england trees (lumber, male, syrup, tourism)

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6
Q

indicator species (bioindicators)

A

species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystem health (range of tolerance) Ex) amphibians, trout, birds, orchids, dung beetles
-macroinvertebrates

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7
Q

macroinvertebrates

A

aquatic invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, snails, worms)= their abundance and diversity have been used as an indicator of ecosystem health and of local biodiversity

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8
Q

Keystone species

A

role of species more important than abundance= structure and function of ecosystem.
-pollinators, decomposers, predators vs prey, dispersion of plant seeds, habitat modification and soil improvement

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9
Q

Pollinator (keystone)

A

insects/birds

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10
Q

decomposers (keystone)

A

fungi/bacteria/dung beetles

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11
Q

predator vs prey (keystone)

A

sea otter vs sea urchins

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12
Q

dispersion of plant seeds (keystone)

A

birds (phainopeple: mistletoe)/galapagos tortoise, ants

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13
Q

habitat modification (keystone)

A

elephants

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14
Q

soil improvement (keystone)

A

earthworms, burrowing mammals

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15
Q

types of species interactions

A
  • symbiosis
  • interspecific competition
  • intraspecific competition
  • predation
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
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16
Q

symbiosis

A

a close association between two different types of organisms in a ecosystem

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17
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between different species for resources (food, space, sunlight, soil, water)

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18
Q

survival strategies for interspecific competition

A

1) migrate 2) shift habits or behavior= resource partitioning (ex. shorebirds bill size/shape) darwin finches (bill shape) dung beetles (dung type, size, odor, and spatial frequency, soils) 3) population decline 4) extinction

19
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between the same species for resources and mates

20
Q

predation

A

predator vs prey a) remaining prey have greater access to resources b) improves gene pool
“arms race”

21
Q

predator strategies

A

1) mobility: pursuit (cheetah vs impala)
2) ambush: camoufaluge/ sit and wait (rattlesnake vs kangaroo rat
3) cooperation: work together as a group to capture prey (wolves, lions, dolphins, sea snakes, fish)

22
Q

prey survival strategies

A

1) mobility= escape
2) protective covering (shells, thick bark, spines, quills)
3) chemical deterrent: poisonous, irritating (nettles, beetles), foul smell (skunk) bad taste (butterflies/host plant) 4) warning coloration (aposomatic): poison dart frogs, coral snake, skunk, butterflies (mimicry)

23
Q

behavioral strategies

A

mimicry (caterpillar looks like snake, bird feces)

-mullerian and batesian

24
Q

mullerian

A

when two or more poisonous species are prey for a predator and the similar color patterns are not attributed to being related

25
Q

batesian

A

when a harmless species mimics the color pattern of a dangerous species

26
Q

looks bigger (behavioral strategies)

A

spreading wings, puffing up

27
Q

group protection (behavioral strategies)

A

schools of fish, herds of antelope, flocks of birds

28
Q

behavior: play dead (behavioral strategies)

A

opossum, hognose snake

29
Q

autonomy (behavioral strategies)

A

tail loss in lizards

30
Q

aggressive (behavioral strategies)

A

luring (males towards females) fireflies (light flashing) katydid (sound imitation)

31
Q

imitation (behavioral strategies)

A

zone tailed hawk resembles turkey vulture- breaks from formation to ambush prey

32
Q

reproductive (behavioral strategies)

A

flower mimics female of insect species=male insect copulates with it, subordinate males mimic females and sneak into harem and mate

33
Q

parasitism

A

one species (parasite) feeds on part of another organism (host). parasite benefits host is harmed (rarely killed); parasitic organism is usually smaller than the host. 3 million species of parasites

34
Q

examples of parasitism

A

mistletoe, insect galls (oaks, creosote), tapeworms, arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas) protozoa (malaria, giardia) pinworm, roundworm, liver flukes

35
Q

parasite

A

endoparasite: internal ectoparasite: external

36
Q

brood parasitism

A

birds (cowbird, cuckoo)- lays eggs in nest of other bird (california gnatcatcher)

37
Q

mutualism

A

species interactions where both species benefit

38
Q

pollination (mutualism)

A

plants

39
Q

nitrogen fixation (mutualism)

A

plant vs fungi: mycorrhizal fungi

40
Q

protection (mutualism)

A

anemone vs clown fish

41
Q

food supply (mutualism)

A

oxpecker bird vs giraffe, rhino, cape buffalo, pilot fish and sharks

42
Q

lichens (mutualism)

A

-fungi and photosynthetic algae: corals and photosynthetic algae and yuccas and yucca moths (pollinator/larval food source) plant/mammal/fungi

43
Q

plant/mammal/fungi [lichens (mutualism)]

A

forest trees depend on mycorrhizal fungi for efficient nutrient uptake, while the fungi rely on the tree for carbohydrates -mycorrhizal fungi also depend on fungi-consuming mammals (flying squirrels) for spore dispersal, which inoculated distant soil patches, disturbed sites and newly formed tree roots

44
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits the other is not harmed or helped (epiphytes: orchids, bromeliads) shade plants, cleaner fish (sharks, whales)

Biology 112 (28 decks)

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