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Bio910 D2 > Life 51- Digestion > Flashcards

Life 51- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Appendix

A

In the human digestive system, the vestigial equivalent of the cerum, which serves no digestive function

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2
Q

Gastric pits

A

Deep infoldings in the walls of the stomach lined with secretory cells

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3
Q

Carnivore

A

An organism that eats only animal tissues

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4
Q

Anus

A

An opening through which solid digestive wastes are expelled, located at the posterior end of a tubular gut.

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

That part of the gut between the pharnyx and the stomach.

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6
Q

Chyme

A

Created in the stomach; mixture of ingested food with the digestive juices secreted by the salivary glands and the stomach lining.

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7
Q

Macronutrient

A

In animals, a mineral elemen required in large amounts

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8
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

A hormone produced and released by the lining of the duodenum when it is stimulated by undigested fats and proteins. It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and slows stomach activity.

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9
Q

Coprophagy

A

Ingesting ones own feces

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10
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone secreted by cells in the lower region of the stomach that stimulates the secretion of digestive juices as well as movements of the stomach

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11
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that eats only plant tissues

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12
Q

Gallbladder

A

In the human digestive system, an organ in which bile is stored

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13
Q

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

A

Molecules that consist mainly of triglyceride fats, which they transport to fat cells in adipose tissues throughout the body; associted with excesive fat deposition and high risk for cardiovascular disease

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14
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius

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15
Q

Small intestine

A

The portion of the gut between the stomach and the colon; consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

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16
Q

Chylomicron

A

Particles of lipid coated with protein, produced in the gut from dietary fats and secreted into the extracellular fluids.

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections of epithelial cells, such as the cells lining the small intestine, that increases their surface area.

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18
Q

Micelle

A

A particle of lipid covered with bile salts that is produced in the duodenum and facilitates digestion and absorption of lipids.

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19
Q

Cecum

A

A blind branch off the large intestine. In many nonruminant mammals, it contains a colony of microorganisms that contributes to the digestion of food.

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20
Q

Filter feeder

A

An organism that feeds on organisms much smaller than itself that are suspended in water or air by means of a straining device.

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21
Q

Detritivore

A

An organism that obtains its energy from the dead bodies or waste products of other organisms

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22
Q

Micronutrient

A

In animals, a mineral element required in concentrations of less than 100 micrograms per day

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23
Q

Jejeunum

A

The middle division of the small intestine, where most absorption of nutrients occursl

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24
Q

Lumen

A

The open cavity inside any tubular organ or structure, such as the gut or renal tubule

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25
Q

Mouth

A

An opening through which food is taken in, located at the anterior end of a tubular gut.

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26
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

Molecules that transport cholesterol around the body for use in biosynthesis and for storage; are the “bad” molecules, associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease.

27
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the circulation.

28
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive secretory product that is converted into pepsin by low pH or by enzymatic action

29
Q

Colon

A

The large intestine

30
Q

Vitamin

A

An organic compound that an organism cannot synthesize, but nevertheless requires in small quantities for normal growth and metabolism

31
Q

Zymogen

A

The inactive precursor of a digestive enzyme; secreted into the lumen of the gut, where a protease cleaves it to form the active enzyme

32
Q

Hihg-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

Molecules that remove cholesterole from tissues and carry it to the liver; are the “good” molecules, associated with good cardiovascular health

33
Q

Fluid feeder

A

An animal that feeds on fluids it extracts from the bodies of other organisms; examples include nectar-feeding birds and blood-sucking insects

34
Q

Pepsin

A

An enzyme in gastric juice that digests protein

35
Q

Villus

A

A hairlike projection from a membrane; for example, from many gut walls

36
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone produced by fat cells that is believed to provide feedback information to the brain about the status of the body’s fat reserves

37
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that digests fats

38
Q

Pancreas

A

A gland located near the stomach of vertebrates that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestineand releases insulin into bloodstream

39
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike muscular contractions proceeing along a tubular organ, propelling the contents along the tube.

40
Q

Omnivore

A

An orgnaism that eats both animal and plant material

41
Q

Peritoneum

A

The mesodermal lining of the body cavity in coelomate animals

42
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Serving for both digestion and circulation; in particular, the central cavity of the body of jellyfish and other cnidarians

43
Q

Duodenum

A

The beginning portion of the vertebrate small intestine

44
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that requires performed organic molecules as food

45
Q

Bile

A

A secretion of the liver made up of bile salts synthesized from cholesterol, various phospholipids, and bilirubin (the breakdown product of hemoglobin). Emulsifies fats in the small intestine

46
Q

Rumen

A

The first division of the ruminant stomach; stores and initiates bacterial fermentation of food. Food is regurgitated for further chewing

47
Q

Autocatalysis

A

A postive feedback process in which and activated enzyme acts on other inactive molecules of the same enzyme acts on other inactive molecules of the same enzyme to activate them.

48
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolasis of starch, usually to maltose or glucose.

49
Q

Trypsin

A

A protein-digesting enzyme. Secreted by the pancreas in its inactive form, it becomes active in teh duodenum of the small intestine.

50
Q

Postabsorptive state

A

State in which no food remains in the gut and thus no nutrients are being absorbed.

51
Q

Predator

A

An organism that kills and eats other organisms

52
Q

Saprobe

A

An organism (usually a bacterium or fungus) that obtains its carbon and energy by absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter.

53
Q

Intestine

A

The portion of the gut following the stomach, in which most digestion and absorption occurs.

54
Q

Ileum

A

The final segment of the small intestine

55
Q

Ruminant

A

Herbivorous, cud-chewing mammals such as cows or sheep, characterized by a stomach that consists of four compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

56
Q

Rectum

A

The terminal portion of the gut, ending at the anus

57
Q

Gizzard

A

A muscular port of the stomach of birds that grinds up food, sometimes with the aid of fragments of stone .

58
Q

Submucosa

A

The tissue layer just under the epithelial lining of the lumen of the digestive tract.

59
Q

Feces

A

Waste excreted from the digestive system

60
Q

Carbon skeleton

A

The chains or rings of carbon atoms that form the structural basis of organic molecules.

61
Q

Secretin

A

A peptide hormone secreted by the upper region of the small intestine when acidic chyme is present. stimualtes the pancreatic duct to secrete bicarbonate ions.

62
Q

Autotroph

A

An organsim that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source, such as sunlight or chemically reduced matter.

63
Q

Mucosa

A

An epithelial membrane containing cells that secrete mucus. The inner cell layer of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Bio910 D2 (12 decks)

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