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Bio910 D2 > Life 42- Immunology > Flashcards

Life 42- Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

T cell

A

A type of lymphocyte involved in the cellular immune response. The final stages of its development occur in the thymus gland

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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3
Q

T-helper cell

A

Type of T cell that stimulates events in both the cellular and humoral immune responses by binding to the antigen on an antigen-presenting cell; target of the HIV-I virus, the agent of AIDS

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4
Q

Cytokine

A

A regulatory protein made by immune system cells that affects other target cells in the immune system

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5
Q

Lymphocyte

A

One of the two major classes of white blood cells; includes T cells, B cells, and other cell types important in the immune system

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6
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

Antibody produced in the laboratory from a clone of hybridoma cells, each off which produces the same specific antibody

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7
Q

Nonspecific defences

A

Immunologic responses directed against any invading agent without reacting to specific antigens

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8
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity

A

A rapid, extensive overreaction of the immune system against an allergen, resulting in the release of large amounts of histamine

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9
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity

A

An increased immune reaction against an antigen that does not appear for 1-2 days after exposure.

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10
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Class of T cells that mediates tolerance to self antigens

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11
Q

Inflammation

A

A nonspecific defence against pathogens; characterised by redness, swelling, pain, and increased temperature.

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12
Q

Constant region

A

The portion of an immunoglobulin molecule whose amino acid composition determines its class and does not vary among immunoglobulins in the class

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13
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme in saliva, tear, and nasal secretion that hydrolyses bacterial cell walls

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14
Q

Colonial selection

A

Mechanism by which exposure to antigen results in the activation of selected T or B cell clones, resulting in an immune response.

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15
Q

Antigenic determinant

A

The specific region of an antigen that is recognised and bound by a specific antibody

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16
Q

Normal flora

A

Microorganisms that normally live and reproduce on or in the body without causing disease, and which form a nonspecific defence against pathogens by competing with them for space an nutrients.

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17
Q

Lymph

A

A fluid derived from blood and other tissues that accumulates in intercellular spaces throughout the body and is returned to the blood by the lymphatic system

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18
Q

Complement system

A

A group of eleven proteins that play a role in some reactions of the immune system but are not immunoglobulins

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19
Q

Defensin

A

A type of protein made by phagocytes that kills bacteria and enveloped viruses by insertion into their plasma membranes

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20
Q

Vaccination

A

Injection of virus or bacteria or their proteins into the body, to induce immunisation. The injected material is usually attenuated (weakened) before injection

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21
Q

Plasma cell

A

An antibody-secreting cell that develops from a B cell; the effector cell of the humoral immune system

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22
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

A complex of linked genes, with multiple alleles, that control a number of cell surface antigens that identify self and can lead to graft rejection

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23
Q

Blood plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood, in which blood cells and other particulates are suspended

24
Q

White blood cells

A

Cells in the blood plasma that play defensive roles in the immune system

25
Q

Interferon

A

A glycoproteins produced by virus-infected animal cells; increases the resistance of neighbouring cells to the virus

26
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

The retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

27
Q

Allergic reaction

A

An overreaction of the immune system to amounts of an antigen that do not affect most people; often involves IgE antibodies

28
Q

Memory cells

A

Long-lived lymphocytes produced by exposure to antigen. They persist in the body and are able to mount a rapid response to subsequent exposure to the antigen

29
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Any of a group of specialised lipids with hormone-like functions. It is not clear that they act at any considerable distance from the site of their production.

30
Q

Natural killer cell

A

A type of lymphocyte that attacks virus-infected cells and some tumour cells as well as antibody-labelled target cells

31
Q

Primary immune response

A

The first response of the immune system to an antigen, involving recognition by lymphocytes and the production of effector cells and memory cells

32
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Cells of the cellular immune system that recognise and directly eliminate virus-infected cells

33
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that stimulates the production of an antibody or antibodies in the body of a vertebrate

34
Q

B cell

A

A type of lymphocyte involved in the humoral immune response of vertebrates. Upon recognising an antigen pic determinant, it develops into a plasma cell, which secretes an antibody

35
Q

Autoimmunity

A

An immune response by an organism to its own molecules or cells

36
Q

Humoral immune response

A

The response of the immune system mediated by B cells that produces circulating antibodies active against extracellular bacterial and viral infections

37
Q

Specific defences

A

Defensive reactions of the vertebrate immune system that are based on the reaction of an antibody to a specific antigen

38
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Inactivation of destruction of lymphocyte clones that would produce immune reactions against the animal’s own body

39
Q

Secondary immune response

A

A rapid and intense response to a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen, initiated by memory cells

40
Q

Cellular immune response

A

Immune system response mediated by T cells and directed against parasites, fungi, intracellular viruses, and foreign tissues (grafts)

41
Q

Hybridoma

A

A cell produced by the fusion of an antibody-producing cell with a myeloma (tumour) cell; it produces monoclonal antibodies

42
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

A class of protein containing a tetramer consisting of four polypeptide chains- two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains- held together by disulfide bonds; active as receptors and effects in the immune system

43
Q

Class switching

A

The process whereby a plasma cell changes the class of immunoglobulin that it synthesises by changing the DNA region coding for the C segment

44
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A condition caused by human immunodeficiency virus in which the body’s T-helper cells are reduced, leaving the victim subject to opportunistic diseases

45
Q

Lymph node

A

A specialised structure in the vessels of the lymphatic system, containing lymphocytes, which encounter and respond to foreign cells and molecules in the lymph as it passes through the vessels.

46
Q

Variable region

A

The portion of an immunoglobulin molecule or T-cell receptor that includes the antigen-binding site and is responsible for this specificity

47
Q

Class 1 MHC molecules

A

Cell surface proteins that participate in the cellular immune response directed against virus-infected cells

48
Q

Histamine

A

A substance released by damages riddle or by mast cells in response to allergens; increases vascular permeability, leading to edema (swelling)

49
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells, typically found in connective tissue, that release histamine in response to tissue damage.

50
Q

T cell receptors

A

A protein on the surface of a T cell that recognises the antigenic determinant for which the cell is specific

51
Q

Effector cells

A

A cell responsible for the effector phase of the immune response.

52
Q

Antibody

A

One of the myriad proteins produced by the immune system that specifically binds to a foreign substance in blood or other tissue fluids and initiates it removal from the body

53
Q

Class 2 MHC molecules

A

Cell surface proteins that participates in the cell-cell interactions (of T-helper cells, macrophages, and B cells) of the humoral immune response

54
Q

Tumour necrosis factor

A

A family of cytokines that causes cell death and is involved in inflammation

55
Q

Immunological memory

A

The capacity to more rapidly and massively respond to a second exposure to an antigen than occurred on first exposure.

56
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocyte that engulfs pathogens by endocytosis

57
Q

Phagocyte

A

One of two major classes of white blood cells; one of the nonspecific defences of animals; ingests invading microorganisms

Bio910 D2 (12 decks)

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