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Bio910 D2 > Life 45- Neurons And Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Life 45- Neurons And Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Spatial summation

A

In the production or inhibition of action potentials in a post synaptic cell, the interaction of depolarisations and hyper polarisation produced at different sites on the post synaptic cell.

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2
Q

Patch clamping

A

A technique for isolating a tiny patch of membrane to allow the study of ion movement through a particular channel.

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3
Q

Motor end plate

A

The modified area on a muscle cell membrane where a synapse is formed with a motor neuron

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4
Q

Neuron

A

A nervous system cell that can generate and conduct action potentials along an axon to a synapse with another cell.

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5
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that transmits information to another cell at a synapse

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6
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse (point of contact) where a motor neuron axon stimulates a muscle fibre cell.

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7
Q

Voltage-gated channel.

A

A type of gated channel that opens or closes when a certain voltage exists across the membrane in which it is inserted.

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8
Q

Depolarization

A

A change in the resting potential across a membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes less negative, or even positive, compared with the outside of the cell.

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9
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A long-lasting increase in the responsiveness of a neuron resulting from a period of intense stimulation.

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10
Q

Refractory period

A

The time interval after an action potential during which another action potential cannot be elicited from an excitable membrane.

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11
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

That portion of the nervous system that is the site of most information processing, storage, and retrieval; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The rapid conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons; so called because action potentials appear to “jump” between nodes of Ranvier along the axon.

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13
Q

Glia

A

Cells of the nervous system that do not conduct action potentials.

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14
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The concentration gradient of an ion across a membrane plus the voltage difference across that membrane.

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15
Q

Schwann cell

A

A type of glia cell that myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Temporal summation

A

In the production or inhibition of action potentials in a postsynaptic cell, the interaction of depolarisations or hyperpolarisations produced by rapidly repeated stimulation of a single point on the postsynaptic cell

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17
Q

Neural network

A

An organised group of neurons that contains three functional categories of neurons- afferent neurons, inter neurons, and efferent neurons- and is capable of processing information.

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18
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron that communicates information between two other neurons.

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19
Q

Microglia

A

Glia cells that act as macrophages and mediators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system

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20
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A gap in the myelin sheath covering an axon; the point where the axonal membrane can fire action potentials.

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21
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that conducts action potentials always from the cell body

22
Q

Ganglion

A

A cluster of neurons that have similar characteristics or function.

23
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that carries information across vertebrate neuromuscular junctions and some other synapses

24
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of neurons that extend or reside outside the brain or spinal cord and their supporting cells.

25
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell, caused by a difference in the distribution of ions

26
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying to, as in a neuron that carries impulses to the central nervous system, or a blood vessel that carries blood to a structure.

27
Q

Astrocyte.

A

A type of glial cell that contributes to the blood-brain barrier by surrounding the smallest, most permeable blood vessels in the brain

28
Q

Dendrite

A

A fibre of a neuron which often cannot carry action potentials, is usually much branched and relatively short, and commonly carries information to the cell body of the neuron

29
Q

Action potential

A

An impulse in a neuron taking the form of a wave of depolarisation or hyperpolarisation.

30
Q

Threshold

A

The level of depolarisations that causes an electrically excitable membrane to fire an action potential.

31
Q

Synapse

A

A specialised type of junction where a neuron meets its target cell (which can be another neuron or some other type of cell) and information in the form of neurotransmitter molecules is exchanged

32
Q

Mechanically gated channel

A

A molecular channel that opens or closes in response to mechanical force applied to the plasma membrane in which it is inserted.

33
Q

Myelin

A

Concentric layers of plasma membrane that form a sheath around some axons; provides the axon with electrical insulation and increases the rate of transmission of action potentials.

34
Q

Nerve

A

A structure consisting of many neuronal axons and connective tissue.

35
Q

Electrical synapse

A

A type of synapse at which action potentials spread directly from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell.

36
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A change in the resting potential across a membrane so that the inside of a cell becomes more negative compared with the outside of the cell.

37
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell that myelinated axons in the central nervous system

38
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Antiporter responsible for primary active transport; it pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradient.

39
Q

Axon terminals.

A

The endings of an axon; they form synapses an release neurotransmitter.

40
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A

A receptor that indirectly alters membrane permeability to a type of ion when it combines with its ligand

41
Q

Nernst equation

A

A mathematical statement that calculates the potential across a membrane potential permeable to a single type of ion that differs in concentration on the two sides of the membrane.

42
Q

Brain

A

The centralised integrative centre of a nervous system

43
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A specialised neuron that transducers a particular type of sensory stimulus into action potentials

44
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying outward or away from, as in a neuron that carries impulses outward from the central nervous system, or a blood vessel that carries blood away from a structure

45
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

A receptor that directly alters membrane permeability to a type of ions when it combines with is Ligand.

46
Q

Resting potential

A

The membrane potential of a living cell at rest.

47
Q

Axon hillock

A

The junction between an axon and its cell body, where action potentials are generated.

48
Q

Chemically gated channel

A

A type of gated channel that opens of closes depending on the presence or absence of a specific molecule, which binds to the channel protein or to a separate receptor that in turn alters the three-dimensional shape of channel protein.

49
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A substance produced in and released by a neuron (the presynaptic cell) that diffuses across a synapse and excites or inhibits another cell (the postsynaptic cell)

50
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Neural junction at which neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell induce changes in a postsynaptic cell.

51
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

A property of blood vessels in the brain that prevents most chemicals from diffusing from the blood into the brain.

Bio910 D2 (12 decks)

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