Life 40- Homestasis Flashcards
Cardiac Muscle
A type of muscle tissue that makes up, and is responsible for the beating of, the heart. Characterised by branching cells with single nuclei and a striated (striped) appearance
Thermoneutral zone
The range of temperatures over which an endotherm does not have to expend extra energy to thermoregulate.
Hypothalamus
The part of the brain lying below the thalamus; it coordinates water balance, reproduction, temperature regulation and metabolism
Hypothermia
Below-normal body temperature.
Brown fat
In mammals, fat tissue that is specialised to produce heat. It has many mitochondria and capillaries, and a protein that uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation.
Radiation
The transfer of heat from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of infrared radiation.
Smooth muscle
Muscle tissue consisting of sheets of mononucleated cells innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
Ectotherm
An animal that is dependent on external heat sources for regulating its body temperature.
Regulatory system
A system that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at an optimal level
Internal environment
In multicellular organisms, the extracelluar fluid surrounding the cells
Feedback information
In regulatory systems, information about the relationship between the set point of the system and its current state.
Muscle
Contractile tissue containing actin and myosin organised into polymeric chains called microfilaments.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The minimum rate of energy turnover in an awake (but resting) bird or mammal that is not expending energy for thermoregulation.
Hibernation
The state of inactivity of some animals during winter; marked by a drop in body temperature and metabolic rate.
Positive feedback
In regulatory systems, information that amplifies a regulatory response, increasing the deviation of the system from the set point.
Connective tissue
A type of tissue that connects or surrounds other tissues; its cells are embedded in a collagen-containing matrix. One of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.
Evaporation
The transition of water from the liquid to the gaseous phase.
Feed forward information.
In regulatory systems, information that changes the set point of the system
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid that is not contained in the vessels of a circulatory system.
Convection
The transfer of heat to or from a surface via a moving stream of air or fluid.
Organ system
An interrelated an integrated group of tissues and organs that work together in a physiological function.
Endotherm
An animal that can control its body temperature by expenditure of its own metabolic energy
Effector
Any organ, cell, or organelle that moves the organisms through the environment or else alters the environment; for example, muscle, exocrine glands, chromatophores.
Energy budget
A quantitative description of all paths of energy exchange between and animal and its environment.
Pyrogen
Molecule that produces a rise in body temperature (fever); may be produced by an invading pathogen or by cell of the immune system in response to infection
Negative feedback
In regulatory systems, information that decreases a regulatory response, returning the system to the set point.
Set point
In a regulatory system, the threshold sensitivity to the feedback stimulus
Countercurrent flow
An arrangement that promotes the maximum exchange of heat, or of a diffusible substance, between two fluids by having the fluids flow in opposite directions through parallel vessels close together.
Conduction
The transfer of heat from one object to another through direct contact
Heterotherm
An animal that regulates its body temperature at a constant level at some times but not others, such as a Hibernator
Organ
A body part composed of different tissues integrated to perform a distinct function
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a steady state, such as a constant temperature or a stable social structure, by means of physiological or behavioural feedback responses
Q10
A value that compares the rebate of a biochemical process or reaction over 10 degrees C temperature ranges
Nervous tissue
Tissue specialised for processing and communicating information; one of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.
Epithelium
A type of animal tissue made up of sheets of cells that lines or covers organs, make up tubules, and covers the surface of the body; one of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.
Skeletal Muscle
A type of muscle tissue characterised by multinucleated cells containing highly ordered arrangements of actin and myosin microfilaments
Error signal
In regulatory systems, any difference between the set point of the system and its current condition
Tissue
A group of similar cells organised into a functional unit
