Life 40- Homestasis

Question 1

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 1

A type of muscle tissue that makes up, and is responsible for the beating of, the heart. Characterised by branching cells with single nuclei and a striated (striped) appearance

Question 2

Thermoneutral zone

Answer 2

The range of temperatures over which an endotherm does not have to expend extra energy to thermoregulate.

Question 3

Hypothalamus

Answer 3

The part of the brain lying below the thalamus; it coordinates water balance, reproduction, temperature regulation and metabolism

Question 4

Hypothermia

Answer 4

Below-normal body temperature.

Question 5

Brown fat

Answer 5

In mammals, fat tissue that is specialised to produce heat. It has many mitochondria and capillaries, and a protein that uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 6

Radiation

Answer 6

The transfer of heat from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of infrared radiation.

Question 7

Smooth muscle

Answer 7

Muscle tissue consisting of sheets of mononucleated cells innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 8

Ectotherm

Answer 8

An animal that is dependent on external heat sources for regulating its body temperature.

Question 9

Regulatory system

Answer 9

A system that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at an optimal level

Question 10

Internal environment

Answer 10

In multicellular organisms, the extracelluar fluid surrounding the cells

Question 11

Feedback information

Answer 11

In regulatory systems, information about the relationship between the set point of the system and its current state.

Question 12

Muscle

Answer 12

Contractile tissue containing actin and myosin organised into polymeric chains called microfilaments.

Question 13

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 13

The minimum rate of energy turnover in an awake (but resting) bird or mammal that is not expending energy for thermoregulation.

Question 14

Hibernation

Answer 14

The state of inactivity of some animals during winter; marked by a drop in body temperature and metabolic rate.

Question 15

Positive feedback

Answer 15

In regulatory systems, information that amplifies a regulatory response, increasing the deviation of the system from the set point.

Question 16

Connective tissue

Answer 16

A type of tissue that connects or surrounds other tissues; its cells are embedded in a collagen-containing matrix. One of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.

Question 17

Evaporation

Answer 17

The transition of water from the liquid to the gaseous phase.

Question 18

Feed forward information.

Answer 18

In regulatory systems, information that changes the set point of the system

Question 19

Interstitial fluid

Answer 19

Extracellular fluid that is not contained in the vessels of a circulatory system.

Question 20

Convection

Answer 20

The transfer of heat to or from a surface via a moving stream of air or fluid.

Question 21

Organ system

Answer 21

An interrelated an integrated group of tissues and organs that work together in a physiological function.

Question 22

Endotherm

Answer 22

An animal that can control its body temperature by expenditure of its own metabolic energy

Question 23

Effector

Answer 23

Any organ, cell, or organelle that moves the organisms through the environment or else alters the environment; for example, muscle, exocrine glands, chromatophores.

Question 24

Energy budget

Answer 24

A quantitative description of all paths of energy exchange between and animal and its environment.

Question 25

Pyrogen

Answer 25

Molecule that produces a rise in body temperature (fever); may be produced by an invading pathogen or by cell of the immune system in response to infection

Question 26

Negative feedback

Answer 26

In regulatory systems, information that decreases a regulatory response, returning the system to the set point.

Question 27

Set point

Answer 27

In a regulatory system, the threshold sensitivity to the feedback stimulus

Question 28

Countercurrent flow

Answer 28

An arrangement that promotes the maximum exchange of heat, or of a diffusible substance, between two fluids by having the fluids flow in opposite directions through parallel vessels close together.

Question 29

Conduction

Answer 29

The transfer of heat from one object to another through direct contact

Question 30

Heterotherm

Answer 30

An animal that regulates its body temperature at a constant level at some times but not others, such as a Hibernator

Question 31

Organ

Answer 31

A body part composed of different tissues integrated to perform a distinct function

Question 32

Homeostasis

Answer 32

The maintenance of a steady state, such as a constant temperature or a stable social structure, by means of physiological or behavioural feedback responses

Question 33

Q10

Answer 33

A value that compares the rebate of a biochemical process or reaction over 10 degrees C temperature ranges

Question 34

Nervous tissue

Answer 34

Tissue specialised for processing and communicating information; one of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.

Question 35

Epithelium

Answer 35

A type of animal tissue made up of sheets of cells that lines or covers organs, make up tubules, and covers the surface of the body; one of the four major tissue types in multicellular animals.

Question 36

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 36

A type of muscle tissue characterised by multinucleated cells containing highly ordered arrangements of actin and myosin microfilaments

Question 37

Error signal

Answer 37

In regulatory systems, any difference between the set point of the system and its current condition

Question 38

Tissue

Answer 38

A group of similar cells organised into a functional unit