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NMSK B Test 1 > LG2.12 Glutamate Biochemistry > Flashcards

LG2.12 Glutamate Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What types of receptors does Glutamate have?

A

i. Ionotropic Receptor

ii. Metabotropic Receptor

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2
Q

What are the three glutamate Ionotropic receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

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3
Q

What is the metabotropic Receptor?

A

mGlu1-mGlu8

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4
Q

What fraction of neurons in the CNS are signaled by the neurotransmitter glutamate?

A

100%

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory and most prevalent in the CNS/PNS?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

What is EEAT?

A

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters

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7
Q

What do EEAT do?

A

-Actively transport glutamate and aspartate (with sodium) out of extracellular space to keep synapse sensitive to next signal and to protect brain from excessive stimulation and neuronal death

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8
Q

Where are EEAT located?

A

On endothelial cells, postsynaptic neuron, and presynaptic neuron

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9
Q

How is glutamate gradient affected by ischemia?

A

a. Low oxygen and low glucose of ischemia depletes ATP.
b. Low ATP leads to decreased activity of Na+/ATPase pumps
c. Loss of Na+ gradient disables active transport of glutamate.
d. Leaking of glutamate leads to high extracellular glutamate causing
e. Excess signaling, seizures, and neuronal cell death.

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10
Q

What is Gluten?

A

-Group of proteins in wheat; structure and elasticity is useful in baking.

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11
Q

What is Glutamine?

A

The most prevalent amino acid found in gluten about ¼ of all amino acids. A five carbon a-amino acid that has an amide side chain

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12
Q

What is Glutamate?

A

A five carbon a-amino acid that has a carboxylic acid side chain

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13
Q

What is alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

-A five carbon a-keto acid that has a carboxylic acid side chain

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14
Q

What does Glutamine synthetase do?

A

Glutamate to Glutamine using ATP

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15
Q

What does Glutaminase do?

A

Glutamine to Glutamate, no ATP used

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16
Q

What is Glutamate dehydrogenase?

A

Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate

17
Q

Which is higher in energy Glutamate or Glutamine?

A

a. Glutamate is a breakdown product of glutamine because glutamine is higher in energy
b. Glutamate is more oxidized and lower in energy than glutamate

18
Q

How is Glutamate involved with the Cirtic acid Cycle?

A
  • Citric acid cycle intermediates are transaminated into amino acids
  • Citric acid cycle intermediates are readily replenished in the brain by its supply of glucose. In addition, glutamate can readily be converted to a-ketoglutarate.
19
Q

What is Glutamate a precursor for?

A

-GABA g-aminobutyric acid

NMSK B Test 1 (27 decks)

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