LG1.1 Clinical Neuroscience: An Introduction

Question 1

What is encephalopathy?

Answer 1

• Disease of the brain.
• Generally both cerebral hemispheres
• Whole brain dysfunction

Question 2

What are the symptoms of encephalopathy?

Answer 2

• interferes with normal daily activities
• loss ability to solve problems
• May have loss of emotional control, seizures, loss of motor, control, loss of vision, ETC

Question 3

What are examples of temporary Encephalopathy?

Answer 3

Metablolic, uremic, hepatic, infectious, medication induced.

Question 4

Example of permanent encephalopathy?

Answer 4

Chronic traumatic (boxers/football players)

Question 5

What type of encephalopathy is Alzheimer Disease?

Answer 5

A progressive Encephalopathy

Question 6

What are general characteristics of Alzheimer Disease.

Answer 6

• Loss of smell
• Lapses in judgement
• subtle personality changes
• Loss of ability to perform simple activities of daily living
• Bed dependent

Question 7

What is vascular (multi-infarction) dementia?

Answer 7

• Chronic Progressive Dementia
• Bi-hemispheric involvement
• From multiple small strokes over time

Question 8

What is HIV encephalopathy?

Answer 8

• Chronic progressive Dementia
• Bi-hemispheric involvement
• From viral infection

Question 9

Describe Huntingtons Disease?

Answer 9

• Progressive autosomal dominant disease.
• Causes personality changes, movement disorder, gait disturbance
• Bedridden and death after 15 years

Question 10

Describe Rett Syndrome

Answer 10

• Genetic Encephalopathy from birth
• A genetic disorder, mainly females
• Genetic but not inherited
• 12-18 months child is fine, then progressive deterioration.
• Decrease in memory, movements, coordination, communication, and seizures(increased)

Question 11

What is the disfunction in Rett Syndrome?

Answer 11

• Locus coeruleus affected
• No Norepi produced
• Reduced/no distribution to cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum

Question 12

What is the right side of the brain normally in charge of?

Answer 12

abstractions, creativeness, spatial sense, left side of body

Question 13

What is the left side of the brain in charge of?

Answer 13

Lingual, academic, reasoning

Question 14

What parts of the brain are considered the brainstem

Answer 14

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 15

What are the 4 outer lobes of the brain?

Answer 15

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 16

What happened to Phineas Gage?

Answer 16

-Iron spike through head destroyed frontal cortex.
-Transformed from virtuous citizen to sociopathic drifter.
-

Question 17

What are the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

Personality, problem solving, spontaneity, initiation, judgment, impulse control, social and sexual behavior.

Question 18

What happened to the pedophile school teacher?

Answer 18

• Large tumor in olfactory groove, displacing right obitofrontal cortex, capped by a large cystic portion.
• Tumor resected, pedophilloic urges stopped.
• Tumor regrew they returned

Question 19

What were the main points of the Maureen O’Conner (San Deigo mayor) case?

Answer 19

i. Ran up gambling debt of $13 million; got caught transferring
ii. Had large brain tumor removed
iii. Large olfactory groove meningioma; affecting orbitofrontal cortex
iv. No longer compelled to gambling

Question 20

Function of the temporal lobes?

Answer 20

• Processing auditory information
• comprehension of meaningful speech (mainly left hemispheric)
• memory, visual object recognition and long term storage of sensory input

Question 21

Which side of the temporal lobes are dominant?

Answer 21

-Usually left side

Question 22

What is the function of the dominant temporal lobe?

Answer 22

Perception of words, processing details, memory, auditory learning, complex memories, visual auditory processing

Question 23

What is the function of the non-dominat lobe of the brain?

Answer 23

Perception of melodies, reading, facial expressions, visual learning

Question 24

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 24

• processing of sensory information of sensory information of touch (right side of brain affects sensation on left side of body)
• Taste, temperature Language, processing/integration.

Question 25

If you have issues wit the parietal lobe what are common issues that arise?

Answer 25

1. Inability to write 2. Lack of recognition 3. Spatial dysfunction (right/left confusion) 4. Difficulties with self perception (hemi-neglect)

Question 26

What is the function of the smallest lobe of the brain?

Answer 26

- Occipital Lobe | - Primary visual cortex: visual perception

Question 27

What is agnosia?

Answer 27

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage

Question 28

What would a lesion in the occipital lobe normally cause?

Answer 28

cause color agnosiia, movement agnosia, agraphia

Question 29

What are the structures of the subcortical area of the brain?

Answer 29

- Limbic System - Hippocampus - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Cerebellum - Pons - Medulla

Question 30

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 30

temporally/essential to formation of lasting memories

Question 31

What is the function of the limbic system?

Answer 31

Produces emotional/instinctual responses

Question 32

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 32

relays sensory information (vision, hearing taste, touch)

Question 33

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

control central emotions, organizes behaviors, hormone release

Question 34

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 34

- At base of brain | - Regulates muscular coordination, tone, posture.

Question 35

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 35

Pathways from and to the thalamus/cortex/cerebellum, regulates respiration

Question 36

What is the function of the medulla?

Answer 36

centers for vital functions (heart rate, breathing, swallowing), pathways to higher cortical areas from spinal cord.

Question 37

What is the function of the midbrain?

Answer 37

Relay station for auditory and visual information, finer motor functions (red nucleus, substance nirgra)

Question 38

What cranial nerves originate in the pons?

Answer 38

Cranial nerves V,VI, VII, and VIII

Question 39

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla?

Answer 39

Lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII)

Question 40

Where does pain and temperature cross the spinal cord?

Answer 40

- Crosses right away at the same level as origination | - Spinothalmic tract

Question 41

Where do the spinal nerves travel from source to the brain?

Answer 41

From the peripheral nerves thru the spinal cord to the thalamus then parietal cortex

Question 42

Where does vibration, position, and deep touch normally cross?

Answer 42

-Cross higher up in low medulla | -

Question 43

Where does the trigeminal nerve (Cr N V) cross?

Answer 43

Cross in the pons

Question 44

What would a mononeurpathy multiplex involve?

Answer 44

More than one peripheral nerve lesions

Question 45

What would a Polyneurpathy involve?

Answer 45

Generalized dysfunction of peripheral nervous system

Question 46

What plexus is in the upper extremities?

Answer 46

-Brachial plexus

Question 47

What plexus is in the lower extremities?

Answer 47

Lumbosacral Plexus (anterior/posterior divisions) to peripheral nerves (L4-S3 sciatic nerve)

Question 48

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a Meissner's corpuscle?

Answer 48

Touch

Question 49

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is nociceptors?

Answer 49

pain

Question 50

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a Pacinian corpuscle?

Answer 50

pressure

Question 51

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a thermoreceptor?

Answer 51

heat/cold

Question 52

What is Browm-sequard syndrome?

Answer 52

- Loss of pain, temperature, and light touch on opposite side - Loss of motor function, vibration, position, and deep touch sensation on the same side as cord damage.