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NMSK B Test 1 > LG1.1 Clinical Neuroscience: An Introduction > Flashcards

LG1.1 Clinical Neuroscience: An Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is encephalopathy?

A
  • Disease of the brain.
  • Generally both cerebral hemispheres
  • Whole brain dysfunction
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of encephalopathy?

A
  • interferes with normal daily activities
  • loss ability to solve problems
  • May have loss of emotional control, seizures, loss of motor, control, loss of vision, ETC
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3
Q

What are examples of temporary Encephalopathy?

A

Metablolic, uremic, hepatic, infectious, medication induced.

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4
Q

Example of permanent encephalopathy?

A

Chronic traumatic (boxers/football players)

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5
Q

What type of encephalopathy is Alzheimer Disease?

A

A progressive Encephalopathy

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6
Q

What are general characteristics of Alzheimer Disease.

A
  • Loss of smell
  • Lapses in judgement
  • subtle personality changes
  • Loss of ability to perform simple activities of daily living
  • Bed dependent
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7
Q

What is vascular (multi-infarction) dementia?

A
  • Chronic Progressive Dementia
  • Bi-hemispheric involvement
  • From multiple small strokes over time
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8
Q

What is HIV encephalopathy?

A
  • Chronic progressive Dementia
  • Bi-hemispheric involvement
  • From viral infection
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9
Q

Describe Huntingtons Disease?

A
  • Progressive autosomal dominant disease.
  • Causes personality changes, movement disorder, gait disturbance
  • Bedridden and death after 15 years
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10
Q

Describe Rett Syndrome

A
  • Genetic Encephalopathy from birth
  • A genetic disorder, mainly females
  • Genetic but not inherited
  • 12-18 months child is fine, then progressive deterioration.
  • Decrease in memory, movements, coordination, communication, and seizures(increased)
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11
Q

What is the disfunction in Rett Syndrome?

A
  • Locus coeruleus affected
  • No Norepi produced
  • Reduced/no distribution to cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum
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12
Q

What is the right side of the brain normally in charge of?

A

abstractions, creativeness, spatial sense, left side of body

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13
Q

What is the left side of the brain in charge of?

A

Lingual, academic, reasoning

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14
Q

What parts of the brain are considered the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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15
Q

What are the 4 outer lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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16
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

A

-Iron spike through head destroyed frontal cortex.
-Transformed from virtuous citizen to sociopathic drifter.
-

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17
Q

What are the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Personality, problem solving, spontaneity, initiation, judgment, impulse control, social and sexual behavior.

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18
Q

What happened to the pedophile school teacher?

A
  • Large tumor in olfactory groove, displacing right obitofrontal cortex, capped by a large cystic portion.
  • Tumor resected, pedophilloic urges stopped.
  • Tumor regrew they returned
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19
Q

What were the main points of the Maureen O’Conner (San Deigo mayor) case?

A

i. Ran up gambling debt of $13 million; got caught transferring
ii. Had large brain tumor removed
iii. Large olfactory groove meningioma; affecting orbitofrontal cortex
iv. No longer compelled to gambling

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20
Q

Function of the temporal lobes?

A
  • Processing auditory information
  • comprehension of meaningful speech (mainly left hemispheric)
  • memory, visual object recognition and long term storage of sensory input
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21
Q

Which side of the temporal lobes are dominant?

A

-Usually left side

22
Q

What is the function of the dominant temporal lobe?

A

Perception of words, processing details, memory, auditory learning, complex memories, visual auditory processing

23
Q

What is the function of the non-dominat lobe of the brain?

A

Perception of melodies, reading, facial expressions, visual learning

24
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • processing of sensory information of sensory information of touch (right side of brain affects sensation on left side of body)
  • Taste, temperature Language, processing/integration.
25
Q

If you have issues wit the parietal lobe what are common issues that arise?

A
  1. Inability to write
  2. Lack of recognition
  3. Spatial dysfunction (right/left confusion)
  4. Difficulties with self perception (hemi-neglect)
26
Q

What is the function of the smallest lobe of the brain?

A
  • Occipital Lobe

- Primary visual cortex: visual perception

27
Q

What is agnosia?

A

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage

28
Q

What would a lesion in the occipital lobe normally cause?

A

cause color agnosiia, movement agnosia, agraphia

29
Q

What are the structures of the subcortical area of the brain?

A
  • Limbic System
  • Hippocampus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
30
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

temporally/essential to formation of lasting memories

31
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Produces emotional/instinctual responses

32
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relays sensory information (vision, hearing taste, touch)

33
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

control central emotions, organizes behaviors, hormone release

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • At base of brain

- Regulates muscular coordination, tone, posture.

35
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Pathways from and to the thalamus/cortex/cerebellum, regulates respiration

36
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

centers for vital functions (heart rate, breathing, swallowing), pathways to higher cortical areas from spinal cord.

37
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Relay station for auditory and visual information, finer motor functions (red nucleus, substance nirgra)

38
Q

What cranial nerves originate in the pons?

A

Cranial nerves V,VI, VII, and VIII

39
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla?

A

Lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII)

40
Q

Where does pain and temperature cross the spinal cord?

A
  • Crosses right away at the same level as origination

- Spinothalmic tract

41
Q

Where do the spinal nerves travel from source to the brain?

A

From the peripheral nerves thru the spinal cord to the thalamus then parietal cortex

42
Q

Where does vibration, position, and deep touch normally cross?

A

-Cross higher up in low medulla

-

43
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve (Cr N V) cross?

A

Cross in the pons

44
Q

What would a mononeurpathy multiplex involve?

A

More than one peripheral nerve lesions

45
Q

What would a Polyneurpathy involve?

A

Generalized dysfunction of peripheral nervous system

46
Q

What plexus is in the upper extremities?

A

-Brachial plexus

47
Q

What plexus is in the lower extremities?

A

Lumbosacral Plexus (anterior/posterior divisions) to peripheral nerves (L4-S3 sciatic nerve)

48
Q

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Touch

49
Q

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is nociceptors?

A

pain

50
Q

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a Pacinian corpuscle?

A

pressure

51
Q

What type of peripheral sensor receptor is a thermoreceptor?

A

heat/cold

52
Q

What is Browm-sequard syndrome?

A
  • Loss of pain, temperature, and light touch on opposite side
  • Loss of motor function, vibration, position, and deep touch sensation on the same side as cord damage.

NMSK B Test 1 (27 decks)

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