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Science > Level 2 Biology Key terms & definitions > Flashcards

Level 2 Biology Key terms & definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Organelle

A

Any specialised structure inside a cell that performs a special function.

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2
Q

Respiration Word Equation

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water +energy

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3
Q

Respiration Balanced Chemical Equation

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ +6H₂O + energy

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4
Q

Photosynthesis Word Equation

A

Sunlight + Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

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5
Q

Photosynthesis Balanced Chemical Equation

A

Sunlight + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration & Aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of Photosynthesis

A

The light dependent reactions & the light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

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8
Q

What is a Homologous pair

A

Matching chromosomes containing the same genes, one having come from either parent.

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9
Q

What is a Gamete

A

A sex cell

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10
Q

What is a Recessive Gene

A

An allele that is only expressed if there is no dominant allele present

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11
Q

What is Homozygous

A

The genotype that has 2 alleles the same e.g BB

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12
Q

What is a Mutation

A

A permanent change in genetic code

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13
Q

What is Mitosis

A

Cell division that occurs in the body cells for growth and repair

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14
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Cell division that occurs in the sex organs to produce sex cells

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15
Q

What is Sexual reproduction

A

A type of reproduction that uses gametes producing variation in the new individual

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16
Q

What is a Zygote

A

The cell formed when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell.

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17
Q

What is Fertilisation

A

The process where two sex cells fuse together to form a zygote

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18
Q

What is a Dominant gene

A

This is an allele which will be expressed even if only one is present in the genotype e.g Bb

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19
Q

What is a Gene

A

A section of chromosome that codes for a particular protein and therefore a trait.

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20
Q

What is a Chromosome

A

A strand of DNA which contains many genes.

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21
Q

What is Phenotype

A

The expression of the genotype as a visible trait

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22
Q

What is Heterozygous

A

The genotype with 2 different alleles e.g Bb

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23
Q

What is Semi conservative

A

Each double DNA strand is composed of one new and one old strand

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24
Q

What is a Carrier

A

An individual that has inherited a gene but does not display the trait

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25
Q

What is Genotype

A

The alleles you carry e.g BB, Bb, bb

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26
Q

What is a Trait

A

A characteristic that is inherited e.g eye colour

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27
Q

What is a Allele

A

Different version of the same gene

28
Q

What is Haploid

A

A cell with half the number of chromosomes.

29
Q

What is a Nucleotide

A

A unit made up of a base, a sugar and a phosphate

30
Q

What is DNA (simple version?)

A

It is a double helix shaped chemical which carries genetic information

31
Q

What is Diploid

A

A cell with a full set of chromosomes.

32
Q

Definition of Anticodon

A

Three consecutive bases on the tRNA

33
Q

Definition of Codon

A

Three consecutive bases on the mRNA

34
Q

Definition of Deletion Mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is removed, resulting in a frame shift.

35
Q

What is DNA (complicated version?)

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, A joins with T, C joins with G. Double stranded, helix shaped large molecule, a whole chromosome. Deoxyribose sugar.

36
Q

Definition of Enzyme

A

A folded protein which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in an organism.

37
Q

Definition of Frameshift

A

Change in bases that the ribosome reads

38
Q

Definition of Gene

A

A piece of DNA which codes for the making of a protein/feature

39
Q

Definition of Gene expression

A

The process where the instructions on our DNA are converted into a functional protein, includes transcription, translation and protein folding.

40
Q

Definition of Insertion mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is added resulting in a frameshift.

41
Q

Definition of Metabolic pathway

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next

42
Q

Definition of Missense mutation

A

A change of the base on the DNA which codes for a different amino acid. This may or may not alter the shape of the protein and therefore it’s function.

43
Q

Definition of mRNA

A

Messenger mRNA. Made during transcription in the nucleus. Carries the instructions to the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain. Contains codons.

44
Q

Definition of Mutagen

A

Environmental factor which causes the mutation e.g agent orange, X-rays etc

45
Q

Definition of Mutation

A

A sudden, permanent change in the bases on the DNA

46
Q

Definition of Non-sense mutation

A

A change of the base on the DNA which changes the instructions, so a STOP codon occurs in the wrong place. Protein is greatly affected.

47
Q

Definition of Peptide bond

A

Bond formed between 2 amino acids during translation

48
Q

Definition of Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a feature

49
Q

Definition of Point mutation

A

A change of only one or a few bases on the DNA

50
Q

Definition of Protein

A

A substance made up of many amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain, which gets folded into a functional protein (enzymes are a type of protein)

51
Q

Definition of Redundancy

A

The fact that multiple codons code for the same amino acid, e.g CCU, CCC, CCA and CCG all code for the amino acid Pro

52
Q

Definition of RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. A bonds with U and G bonds with C. Three types, tRNA, mRNA and rRNA. Single stranded and shorter than DNA. Sugar is ribose

53
Q

Definition of Same-sense mutation

A

A change of the base on the DNA where the bases still code for the same amino acid. This is due to the redundancy of the genetic code.

54
Q

Definition of Silent mutation

A

A mutation that is neither favourable nor harmful, that remains in a population

55
Q

Definition of Start codon

A

The start signals on the mRNA which initiates translation. Always AUG.

56
Q

Definition of Stop codon

A

These 3 codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, UGA) do not code for an amino acid therefore telling the ribosome where to stop translation.

57
Q

Definition of Substitution mutation

A

A mutation where the base(s) on the DNA are swapped

58
Q

Definition of Transcription

A

The process by which DNA going to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus. Controlled by RNA polymerase.

59
Q

Definition of Translation

A

The process by which mRNA going to polypeptide chain, occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

60
Q

Definition of Triplet

A

Three consecutive bases on the DNA

61
Q

Definition of tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Carries an amino acid to the ribosome. 3 bases on the mRNA=an anticodon.

62
Q

What is gene expression

A

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to make a protein.

63
Q

The base sequence of a DNA molecule codes for?

A

The base sequence of a DNA molecule codes for the amino acids that make up proteins.

64
Q

A sequence of 3 bases in DNA (a triplet) codes for?1

A

A sequence of 3 bases in DNA (a triplet) codes for 1 amino acid

65
Q

A sequence of many amino acids joined together with _______ bonds forms a ____________

A

A sequence of many acids joined together with PEPTIDE bonds forms a POLYPEPTIDE.

66
Q

One gene codes for one Polypeptide (basic protein most proteins made of many ___________)

A

One gene codes for one Polypeptide (basic protein most proteins made of many POLYPEPTIDES)

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