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Science > Level 1 Physical Science: Carbon Chemistry > Flashcards

Level 1 Physical Science: Carbon Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How are ions formed

A

Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons resulting in a full outer shell (valence shell)

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2
Q

Is a cation positive or negative

A

positive

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3
Q

Is a anion positive or negative

A

negative

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4
Q

What is the atomic number a measurement of

A

the number of protons in an atom

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5
Q

What is a group (periodic table)

A

the vertical columns of elements

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6
Q

What is a period

A

the horizontal rows of elements

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7
Q

how many electrons are in the 1,2,3 shells of an atom

A

in the first shell is two, in the second & third shells is eight

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8
Q

why does an electron want a full valence shell

A

because it will become stable

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9
Q

How do atoms get a full valence shell

A

by gaining or losing electrons

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10
Q

What happens to an atom when it loses or gains electrons

A

it becomes an ion

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11
Q

what is a polyatomic ion’s (made of many atoms) suffix (part at the end of the name of an ion for example sulfATE)

A

-ate

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12
Q

what is a negative monatomic ion’s (made of only one atom) suffix (part at the end of the name of an ion)

A

-ide

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13
Q

what is a positive ion’s (the metals & hydrogen) suffix (part at the end of the name of an ion)

A

named after the atom for example a calcium ion is just called: “calcium ion”

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14
Q

What happens when a cation bonds to an anion

A

an ionic compound is formed

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15
Q

When are covalent bonds formed

A

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms SHARE electrons in their valence shell.

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16
Q

What does an ‘ionic bond’ mean

A

the force of attraction that holds ions together in an ionic substance. These bonds form due to the strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions.

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17
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

the chemical bond characterised by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.

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18
Q

What is a polyatomic ion

A

an ion made of more than one atom.

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19
Q

does a chemical compound formed during a chemical reaction have an overall charge

A

no

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20
Q

why is carbon so important

A

because:
it easily forms long chained molecules.

It has its own cycle in nature (carbon cycle).

Carbon compounds are found in fuels, alcohols & plastics.

Crude oil is made up of carbon compounds.

It is atomic #6, =6 protons, 6 electrons.

It has its own branch of chemistry called organic chemistry.

Life as we know it is ‘carbon based’

Carbon has 4 valence electrons so it will always make 4 COVALENT BONDS, this makes it very versatile.

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21
Q

How does carbon bond

A

Carbon forms 4 ‘COVALENT BONDS’.

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22
Q

When do COVALENT BONDS occur

A

COVALENT BONDS occur when NON-METAL atoms SHARE electrons so that they can fill their valence shell. This makes the atoms STABLE.

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23
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon has

A

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, this means they can bond with up to 4 other atoms to fill their valence shell.

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24
Q

What do organic compounds & carbon families contain

A

organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen plus a range of other atoms including: O, N, S, Cl, Br & F

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25
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules that only contain CARBON and HYDROGEN. They can be split into two categories.

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26
Q

What are the two categories hydrocarbons can be split into

A

‘Saturated’ hydrocarbons and ‘Unsaturated’ hydrocarbons.

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27
Q

What is a ‘Saturated’ hydrocarbon

A

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only SINGLE carbon-carbon bonds. E.g Alkanes

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28
Q

What is a ‘Unsaturated’ hydrocarbon

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain a DOUBLE carbon=carbon bond. E.g Alkenes.

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29
Q

What is an ALKANE

A

Alkanes are SATURATED hydrocarbons, containing only C-C bonds.

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30
Q

What organic family are ALKANES in?

A

The simplest organic family

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31
Q

What is the general formula for an ALKANE

A

CnH2n+2 (where ‘n’ is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule)

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32
Q

What is the simplest alkane

A

methANE

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33
Q

what does the ‘meth’ in methane tell us?

A

It tells us the number of CARBONS in the chain

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34
Q

what does the ‘ane’ in methane tell us?

A

It tells us it is a member of the alkANE family

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35
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Meth-

A

1

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36
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Eth-

A

2

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37
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Prop-

A

3

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38
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is But-

A

4

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39
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Pent-

A

5

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40
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Hex-

A

6

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41
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Hept-

A

7

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42
Q

How many carbons are in the chain if the suffix is Oct-

A

8

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43
Q

What is the molecular formula for Methane

A

CH₄

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44
Q

What is the full structural formula for Methane

A

H
|
H - C - H
|
H

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45
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Methane

A

CH₄

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46
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Ethane

A

CH₃CH₃

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47
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Propane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₃

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48
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Butane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃

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49
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Pentane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

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50
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Hexane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

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51
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Heptane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

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52
Q

What is the condensed formula (squashing the structural formula into a single line) for Octane

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

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53
Q

What is the molecular formula for Ethane

A

C₂H₆

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54
Q

What is the molecular formula for Propane

A

C₃H₈

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55
Q

What is the molecular formula for Butane

A

C₄H₁₀

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56
Q

What is the molecular formula for Pentane

A

C₅H₁₂

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57
Q

What is the molecular formula for Hexane

A

C₆H₁₄

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58
Q

What is the molecular formula for Heptane

A

C₇H₁₆

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59
Q

What is the molecular formula for Octane

A

C₈H₁₈

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60
Q

What is the full structural formula for Ethane

A

H H
| |
H - C - C - H
| |
H H

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61
Q

What is the full structural formula for Propane

A

H H H
| | |
H - C - C - C - H
| | |
H H H

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62
Q

What is the full structural formula for Butane

A

H H H H
| | | |
H - C - C - C - C - H
| | | |
H H H H

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63
Q

What is the full structural formula for Pentane

A

H H H H H
| | | | |
H - C - C - C - C - C - H
| | | | |
H H H H H

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64
Q

What is the full structural formula for Hexane

A

H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

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65
Q

What is the full structural formula for Heptane

A

H H H H H H H
| | | | | | |
H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
| | | | | | |
H H H H H H H

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66
Q

What is the full structural formula for Octane

A

H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | |
H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
| | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H

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67
Q

What does ‘crude’ mean

A

‘CRUDE’ means in a natural or raw state, not yet processed or refined

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68
Q

What is petroleum (crude oil) a mixture of

A

Petroleum (known as crude oil) is a mixture of many different HYDROCARBONS with molecules containing up to 30 carbons in the chain.

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69
Q

Where are ALKANES found

A

ALKANES are found in crude oil.

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70
Q

What is the first physical property of ALKANES

A
  1. ALKANES are NOT SOLUBLE in water, they float on top of water in a layer.
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71
Q

Why do ALKANES float on top of water in a layer?

A

Because there is little attraction between water molecules and ALKANE molecules. Water cannot overcome the forces of attraction already holding ALKANES together.

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72
Q

What is the second physical property of ALKANES

A
  1. The LONGER the ALKANE chain, the HIGHER the melting point and boiling point. (this applies for ALL hydrocarbons)
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73
Q

Why do longer ALKANE chains have HIGHER melting & boiling points?

A

Because longer ALKANE chains have more FORCES OF ATTRACTION holding them together than shorter ALKANE chains, so more heat energy is needed to break them apart. So, for example, Hexane (6 carbons) has a higher melting point than butane (4 carbons).

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74
Q

What can we call forces of attraction? And why do we call them that?

A

‘INTERMOLECULAR forces’ because they occur BETWEEN MOLECULES. ‘INTER’ means between. (the INTERislander travels between islands)

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75
Q

What is paraffin wax composed of

A

alkanes with 20-40 carbons in their chains.

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76
Q

between Methane-Butane what will be at room temp? (Gases, Solids or Liquids)

A

Methane-Butane=gases at room temperature (1-4 carbons)

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77
Q

Between Pentane-C₁₈H₃₈ what will be at room temp? (Gases, solids or liquids)

A

Pentane-C₁₈H₃₈=liquids at room temperature (5-18 carbons)

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78
Q

between C₁₉H₄₀-onwards what will be at room temp? (gases, solids or liquids)

A

C₁₉H₄₀-onwards=solids at room temperature (19+ carbons)

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79
Q

What are the key points on Boiling points: Molecules with a small carbon chain

A

The chains are small

The molecules have a small molecular mass

Because they are so small, there are few weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

It takes only a small amount of heat energy to break these forces and turn the LIQUID into a GAS.

Hence: These molecules have a lower boiling point.

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80
Q

What are the key points on Boiling points: Molecules with a long carbon chain

A

The chains are looooong.

The molecules have a bigger molecular mass.

Because they are so long, there are many more weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.

It takes a large amount of heat energy to break the high number of these forces & turn the LIQUID into a GAS.

Hence: These molecules have a higher boiling point.

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81
Q

What are ALKENES another _________ __________ of

A

ALKENES are another organic family.

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82
Q

What do ALKENES contain?

A

They contain a COVALENT double carbon bond (C=C)

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83
Q

What do we call C=C

A

We call C=C the ‘functional group’ (the reactive part of the molecule).

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84
Q

What is the general formula for ALKENES

A

CnH2n

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85
Q

What does having a C=C bond make ALKENES?

A

Having a C=C bond makes alkenes UNSATURATED (because more atoms can be added to the structure if we break the bond).

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86
Q

What is the simplest ALKENE

A

The simplest ALKENE is Ethene

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87
Q

What does the Eth in ethene tell us (ALKENES names differ slightly to ALKANES)

A

It tells us the number of carbons in the chain

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88
Q

What does the ene in ethene tell us (ALKENES names differ slightly to ALKANES)

A

It tells us it’s a member of the alkENE family.

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89
Q

In relation to ALKENES what does Carbon always make

A

Carbon always makes 4 BONDS (i.e it ALWAYS has 4 sticks coming out of it in diagrams)

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90
Q

alkENE diagrams look a bit ________ to alkANE diagrams.

A

alkENE diagrams look a bit different to alkANE diagrams.

91
Q

In relation to ALKENES what do we only need to know about

A

We only need to know about the first 2 alkENEs; ETHene and PROPene.

92
Q

In relation to ALKENES what doesn’t exist?

A

Methene does not exist because we need a minimum of 2 carbon atoms to make a C=C bond.

93
Q

What is the molecular formula of Ethene

A

C₂H₄

94
Q

What is the molecular formula of Propene

A

C₃H₆

95
Q

What is the full structural formula of Ethene

A

H H
| |
C = C
| |
H H

96
Q

What is the full structural formula of Propene

A

H H H
| | |
H - C - C = C
| |
H H

97
Q

What is the condensed formula of Ethene

A

CH₂CH₂

98
Q

What is the condensed formula for Propene

A

CH₃CHCH₂

99
Q

What chemical do we use to test for an ALKENE

A

To test for an alkene, we use a chemical called ‘Bromine Water (Br)₂

100
Q

What colour is Br₂

A

Orange

101
Q

What will happen to Br₂ when mixed with ALKENES?

A

Br₂ will decolourise (turn colourless) when mixed with ALKENES.

102
Q

What happens to an ALKENE when mixed with Br₂

A

The double C=C bond breaks & a single C-C bond is made. The molecule goes from UNSATURATED to SATURATED.

103
Q

What do the two BR atoms do when mixed with ALKENES

A

The 2 Br atoms attach to the free bonds on the carbons.

104
Q

What is the structural equation for mixing Br₂ with an ALKENE

A

H H H H
\ / | |
C = C + Br₂ ——> H - C - C - H
/ \ | |
H H Br Br
Ethene Bromine Water Colourless Alkane
(sometimes Ethene (The double bond
is drawn like this, breaks and a Br
with bonds on atom is added to
angles instead of each C atom)
straight up & down)

105
Q

What is an important note to remember to do with testing for ALKENES using Bromine Water

A

ALKANES also react with ‘orange Br₂ water’ to go colourless… BUT it is a very SLOW reactions that needs UV light. An easy way to tell ALKANES & ALKENES apart is that ALKENES will decolourise Br₂ water RAPIDLY, ALKANES will not (unless you add UV light).

106
Q

What are Polymers

A

Polymers are very large molecules made up of many small, REPEATING UNITS called MONOMERS.

107
Q

What are some ALKENES use as

A

Some ALKENES are used as MONOMERS.

108
Q

What do MONOMERS do in order to form a polymer?

A

The MONOMERS link together with ‘covalent bonds’ to form the polymer

109
Q

What is a key point about the double bond in ALKENES

A

The double bond in an ALKENE is a very REACTIVE bond, which is easily broken by HEAT and PRESSURE in the presence of a CATALYST.

110
Q

What is possible after the double bond is broken in POLYMERISATION

A

Once the double bond is broken, it is possible for the individual small molecules to link together to produce a POLYMER. (this process is called POLYMERISATION)

111
Q

What is POLYMERISATION

A

POLYMERISATION is where the double bond in an ALKENE is broken and this enables the individual small molecules to link together to produce a POLYMER.

112
Q

What is the POLYMERISATION CAST

A

H H H H
\ / | |
C = C - C C - ———->*
/ \ | |
H H H H
“The Monomer” “The repeating unit”
Has a double bond
~ ————————–~
“The conditions”
Heat, pressure, catalyst

            H   H   H   H   H   H   H    H
             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | * ------>   - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C -
             |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
            H   H   H   H   H   H   H    H
              "A section of Polymer"   This one shows 4 repeating units linked up. This Polymer is called polyETHENE (because the monomer was ethene)
113
Q

What is a key point on the C=C bond (double bond)

A

The C=C bond is very reactive. In the presence of heat, pressure and a catalyst the C=C covalent bond breaks and forms a single C-C bond and a spare single bond. This can be covalently bonded to a monomer to make a long chain.

114
Q

Why do ALKANES not form polymer chains

A

Alkanes are SATURATED molecules. The single covalent bonds in alkanes are STABLE and are not very reactive (unlike an alkene bond)

115
Q

Explain why alkenes can be used to make polymers but alkanes cannot.

A

Alkenes have a (reactive) double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms. (Under high temperatures, high pressure & catalytic conditions) the double bond can be broken, resulting in a single covalent bond a spare single bond that can be covalently bond to the next monomer to form a long chain polymer.
\ / | | | | | |
C=C ——-> • C-C • ( -C-C-C-C-)n
/ \ | | | | | |
Alkanes have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms, which are unreactive (in these conditions), so do not form polymers.

116
Q

What are the key points to do with ‘Polymers as Plastics’

A

Polymers formed from Alkenes have special properties.

They consist of HUGE numbers of long chain molecules that overlap each other.

Because these polymers are so long, the intermolecular forces between the neighbouring molecules are strong.

Because of this, polymers are TOUGH substances… but are easily moulded too. We describe them as PLASTICS.

117
Q

Polypropene (polypropylene) has many uses that are linked to its chemical and physical properties. Name TWO uses of polypropene. Link each use to TWO physical and/or chemical properties of polypropene.

A

Low chemical reactivity (e.g with air, water and living organisms). (But susceptible to UV degradation).

High tensile strength/strong.

Insolubility in water/does not absorb moisture.

Ability to be moulded or extruded into a wide range of shapes with moderate heating due to high melting point (about 160°C).

Insulator.

Low density/light weight and floats.

Recyclable.

118
Q

What is the general formula for Alkanes (straight chain)

A

CnH2n+2

119
Q

What is the general formula for Alkenes

A

CnH2n

120
Q

What are the similarities between Alkanes and Alkenes

A

Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are COVALENTLY BONDED to each other (could be from (b))

121
Q

What is the quality an ALKANE has that makes it different from an ALKENE

A

ALKANES are SATURATED hydrocarbon molecules, where EACH CARBON ATOM HAS 4 SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.

122
Q

What is the quality an ALKENE has that makes it different from an ALKANE

A

ALKENES are UNSATURATED hydrocarbon molecules containing mostly single covalent bonds, but also a CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND.

123
Q

What are the key points for an ALKANES chemical bonding linked to property & use?

A

Alkanes do NOT HAVE A FUNCTIONAL GROUP, so they are generally CHEMICALLY UNREACTIVE/READILY COMBUST (PROPERTY). Alkanes are commonly used as FUELS (USE), because, while they are mostly unreactive, they do UNDERGO COMBUSTION REACTIONS SINCE SINGLE BONDS DO NOT REQUIRE AS MUCH ENERGY TO BREAK. So a lot of energy is released as they combust.

124
Q

What are the key points for an ALKENES chemical bonding linked to property & use?

A

The DOUBLE BOND in alkenes is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP & is EASILY BROKEN, so alkenes are CHEMICALLY REACTIVE (PROPERTY). Since alkenes are chemically reactive, they also undergo other chemical reactions, & are therefore commonly USED TO MAKE OTHER ORGANIC MOLECULES SUCH AS POLYMERS (USE) SINCE THE DOUBLE BOND EASILY BREAKS TO FORM LONG CHAIN.

125
Q

Explain the difference between the 2 formulae for the ethene molecule, the molecular formula & the structural formula

A

The structural formula (which is CH₂=CH₂ for ethene) shows the arrangement of atoms & bonding in the molecule. The molecular formula (which is C₂H₄ for ethene) gives the number & types of atoms in each molecule.

126
Q

Explain what is meant by an unsaturated carbon compound

A

An unsaturated carbon compound contains a double (or triple) bond between two carbon atoms.

127
Q

Explain why alkenes are able to form polymers, while alkanes do not

A

Alkenes have a double bond & so under certain conditions such as heat, pressure & catalysts the bond can break creating links for the alkene to bond to other alkenes which creates a long chain called a polymer. An alkane does not have a double bond so cannot form a polymer.

128
Q

What are the key points on the problem with plastic

A

Polymers have single C-C bonds & are therefore alkanes.

Since neither alkanes nor polymers have ‘functional group’ (a reactive group) they are UNREACTIVE with water so WILL NOT BREAK DOWN in water.

There is also very little attraction between ALKANE molecules and WATER molecules.

Polymers are INSOLUBLE in water & are NON-BIODEGRADABLE.

This is why there is so much plastic FLOATING on the surface of the ocean (in massive plastic islands called ‘GYRES’).

129
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of

A

Crude oil is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons.

130
Q

What is Fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is a process used to separate the hydrocarbon mixture into USEFUL fractions (i.e groups of alkanes with similar sized molecules), such as petrol, diesel, kerosene and jet fuel.

131
Q

What are molecules separated by for fractional distillation

A

Molecules are separated based on their BOILING POINTS.

132
Q

What is an important thing to remember to do with fractional distillation?

A

The longer the carbon chain, the larger the ‘molecular mass’ (mass of the molecule) and so the higher the boiling point. The fractional distillation tower can be more than 50m tall.

133
Q

The ________ the carbon chain the ________ the ‘molecular mass’ (mass of the molecule) and so the higher the boiling point.

A

The LONGER the carbon chain, the LARGER the ‘molecular mass’ (mass of the molecule) and so the higher the boiling point.

134
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Gases

A

1-4 carbons <40°C. Used as fuels for heating, cooking and manufacture of plastics. E.g Methane, Ethene etc

135
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Gasoline

A

5-12 carbons 40-200°C. Used as fuels for vehicles, LPG, various petrochemicals and solvents. E.g Octane``

136
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Light Distillates

A

12-16 carbons. 200-300°C. Used as aviation fuel, naphthas, solvents, kerosene and refined oils.

137
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Intermediate Distillates

A

15-18 carbons. 250-350°C. Used as diesel fuel and heavy fuel for ships and power stations.

138
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Heavy Distillates

A

16-20 carbons. 300-350°C. Used as lubricating oils, wax, grease and petrochemicals.

139
Q

How many carbons, what is the average boiling point and what is it used for: Residues

A

> 20 carbons. More than 350°C. Used as bitumen for roads, asphalt, petroleum jelly.

140
Q

Explain why crude oil must be fractionally distilled before it can be used

A

Because crude oil contains many different hydrocarbons that must be separated into their fractions to be properly utilised

141
Q

Name TWO of the fractions obtained from the fractional distillation tower, and describe ONE use for each

A

1) Fraction: Liquid petroleum gas, used to power barbeques & for heating
2) Fraction: Bitumen, used for roads & can be used for roofs

142
Q

How do you get an alkene from an alkane

A

By ‘Cracking’

143
Q

What do we do to an alkane during cracking

A

During ‘CRACKING’ we BREAK (or ‘crack’) a large ALKANE into smaller, more useful pieces. The products are a SMALLER ALKANE and an ALKENE.

144
Q

What is a key thing to remember about the # of C and H atoms to do with cracking

A

Since the number of C and H atoms cannot change, we cannot make 2 ALKANES as we would be 2 H atoms short.

145
Q

Why do we need cracking? In relation to ALKENE availibility

A

While ALKENES do exist in nature, they are not found in a form (or on a scale) we can use to make plastics, which is why we need cracking

146
Q

What can cracking be used to produce (Answer is NOT an ALKANE and ALKENE)

A

Cracking can be used to produce: ethene, propene & butene. These are MONOMERS (building blocks) for the plastics industry.

147
Q

What are ethene, propene and butene

A

MONOMERS (building blocks) for the plastics industry

148
Q

What 2 things are needed for cracking to happen

A

Heat & a catalyst are needed to make it happen.

149
Q

What is CRACKING a type of?

A

‘Cracking’ is a type of ‘THERMAL DECOMPOSITION’ reaction where one molecule breaks into two, USING HEAT.

150
Q

Why do we need cracking (2 reasons)

A

1) to make alkenes
2) to make smaller alkanes

151
Q

Why do LARGE alkanes not burn well?

A

1) because they have High boiling points
2) they do not flow easily
3) they are to hard to ignite (difficult to get oxygen into the flame for ‘complete combustion’)
This is why we need to CRACK them into smaller molecules. Octanes make good fuels (i.e petrol) so CRACKING is used to make octanes from bigger alkanes (as well as making alkenes for plastics)

152
Q

Explain why smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractional distillation tower

A

Because they have the lowest boiling point and therefore continue to evaporate up the tower without condensing and exiting until they reach their low boiling points at the top

153
Q

Define the term ‘homologous series’

A

homologous series means a group with the same general structure and characteristics and the same formula

154
Q

How many carbons does methanol have

A

1

155
Q

What is methanol’s prefix

A

meth-

156
Q

Molecular formula of methanol

A

CH₃OH

157
Q

Structural formula of methanol

A

H OH
\ /
C
/ \
H H

158
Q

Condensed structural formula of methanol

A

CH₃OH

159
Q

How many carbons does ethanol have

A

2

160
Q

What is ethanol’s prefix

A

eth-

161
Q

Molecular formula of ethanol

A

C₂H₅OH

162
Q

Structural formula of ethanol

A

H H
| |
H - C - C - OH
| |
H H

163
Q

Condensed structural formula of ethanol

A

CH₃CH₂OH

164
Q

How many carbons does propanol have

A

3

165
Q

What is propanol’s prefix

A

prop-

166
Q

Molecular formula of propanol

A

C₃H₇OH

167
Q

Structural formula of propanol

A

H H H
| | |
H - C - C - C - OH
| | |
H H H

168
Q

Condensed structural formula of propanol

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

169
Q

How many carbons does butanol have

A

4

170
Q

What is butanol’s prefix

A

but-

171
Q

What is butanol’s molecular formula

A

C₄H₉OH

172
Q

What is butanol’s Structural formula

A

H H H H
| | | |
H - C - C - C - C - OH
| | | |
H H H H

173
Q

What is butanol’s condensed structural formula

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

174
Q

What are alcohols a family of and what are they based on

A

ALCOHOLS are a family of carbon compounds that are based on the alkane chain, but with an -OH group attached to a carbon atom. The -OH groups replaces an H atom.

175
Q

What are the bonds in ALCOHOLS

A

The bonds in alcohols are COVALENT BONDS.

176
Q

What is ALCOHOLS general formula

A

CnH2n+1 OH

177
Q

What are the first 2 alcohols in the series?

A

1) Methanol CH₃OH
2) Ethanol C₂H₅OH

178
Q

What are methanol and ethanol

A

Methanol and ethanol are useful ‘EMULSIFIERS’ because they can mix with both water and oil (partially anyway). The -OH functional group of an alcohol is strongly attracted to water molecules. In contrast, alkanes & alkenes that do NOT mix with water because the C and H atoms are not attracted to water molecules.

179
Q

Explain why alcohols are not hydrocarbons, but alkanes and alkenes are

A

Alcohols have a hydroxyl molecule as well as hydrogen & carbon molecule as well as hydrogen and carbon molecules so is therefore not a hydrocarbon while alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons as they only have hydrogen & carbon molecules.

180
Q

What is a key point on the ‘INTERMOLECULAR FORCES’ between alcohol molecules and alkane molecules

A

The ‘INTERMOLECULAR FORCES’ between alcohol molecules are MUCH STRONGER than those between alkane molecules. More heat energy is required to break these bonds between alcohol molecules.

181
Q

Because of The ‘INTERMOLECULAR FORCES’ between alcohol molecules being MUCH STRONGER than those between alkane molecules. And more heat energy is required to break those bonds between alcohol molecules. What does that mean methanol and ethanol are?

A

Because of this, methanol and ethanol are both LIQUIDS at room temperature, not gases.

182
Q

What are the boiling points of both methanol and ethanol

A

The boiling points of methanol and ethanol are both below 100°C. These liquids are described as VOLATILE (or easily vaporised)

183
Q

What is Ethanol production by fermentation

A

Ethanol (drinking alcohol) is made by a natural process called FERMENTATION. Fermentation is an enzyme controlled process which takes place:
1) between ROOM TEMPERATURE and 45°C
2) under ANAEROBIC conditions (no oxygen)
3) in the presence of yeast (which is a natural catalyst)

184
Q

What is yeast

A

Yeast is a LIVING organism & requires WARMTH and MOISTURE to carry out fermentation.

185
Q

What does yeast metabolise

A

Yeast metabolises (converts) the SUGAR to ALCOHOL when there is a LACK OF OXYGEN, via anaerobic respiration. Yeast die when oxygen levels become too high.

186
Q

What does fermentation convert?

A

Fermentation converts carbohydrates (usually sugar) into ethanol.

187
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation

A

yeast
Glucose ————> ethanol + carbon dioxide gas

188
Q

What is the symbol equation for fermentation

A

yeast
C₆H₁₂O₆ ————> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

189
Q

Solubility: For the substance: cyclohexane (alkane) is it soluble in water?

A

NOT soluble in water

190
Q

Solubility: For the substance: cyclohexane (alkane) is it soluble in oil?

A

IS soluble in oil

191
Q

Solubility: For the substance: cyclohexene (alkene) is it soluble in water?

A

NOT soluble in water

192
Q

Solubility: For the substance: cyclohexene (alkene) is it soluble in oil?

A

IS soluble in oil

193
Q

Solubility: For the substance: methanol (alcohol) (OH) is it soluble in water?

A

IS soluble in water

194
Q

Solubility: For the substance: methanol (alcohol) (OH) is it soluble in oil?

A

IS soluble in oil

195
Q

What is combustion of fuels

A

Fuels are substances that BURN. Burning is a COMBUSTION reaction. There are 2 types of combustion reactions: COMPLETE and INCOMPLETE.

196
Q

Complete combustion, supply amount of: Oxygen?

A

Plentiful supply (either in environment or in chemical structure)

197
Q

Incomplete combustion, supply amount of: Oxygen?

A

None, or limited

198
Q

Complete combustion, what type of: Flame

A

Clean, blue

199
Q

Incomplete combustion, what type of: Flame

A

Orange (due to specks of CARBON burning) dirty, sooty

200
Q

Complete combustion, what are the: Products

A

CO₂ and H₂O

201
Q

Incomplete combustion, what are the: Products

A

C (soot), CO (carbon monoxide), H₂O and some CO₂

202
Q

Complete combustion, what is the: Energy given off?

A

More heat energy than incomplete combustion

203
Q

Incomplete combustion, what is the: Energy given off?

A

Less heat energy than complete combustion

204
Q

Complete combustion, what is the: Bunsen flame

A

BLUE, air hole open

205
Q

Incomplete combustion, what is the: Bunsen flame

A

ORANGE, air hole closed

206
Q

What is INCOMPLETE combustion

A

This happens when there is NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN around for the fuel to burn cleanly. Soot (carbon) and carbon monoxide (CO) will be produced. There will also be some CO₂ and water made. ALKENES undergo incomplete combustion because the oxygen finds int harder to get into the C=C BOND, Kerosene and turpentine are alkenes.

207
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for this COMPLETE combustion reaction:
Methane + Oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

A

CH₄ + 2O₂ ——–> CO₂ + 2H₂O
O₂ H₂O

208
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for this INCOMPLETE combustion reaction:
Methane + Oxygen ——> carbon monoxide + water

A

CH₄ + 15 O₂ ——–> CO + 2H₂O
1/2 O₂

209
Q

Incomplete combustion of Butene:
Butene + oxygen —–> carbon + water

A

C₄H₈ + 2 O₂ ——–> 4C + 4H₂O

210
Q

Incomplete combustion of Butene:
Butene + oxygen ——-> carbon monoxide + water

A

C₄H₈ + 4 O₂ —–> 4CO + 4H₂O

211
Q

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of:
butanol + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

A

C₄H₉OH + 6 O₂ ——-> 4CO₂ +5H₂O

212
Q

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of:
heptane + oxygen ———> carbon dioxide + water

A

C₇H₁₆ + 11 O₂ ——> 7CO₂ + 8H₂O

213
Q

Write a balanced equation for the incomplete combustion of:
octane + oxygen ——-> carbon + water

A

C₈H₁₈ +45 O₂ ——> 8C + 9H₂O

214
Q

Write a balanced equation for the incomplete combustion of:
pentene + oxygen ——> carbon monoxide + water

A

C₅H₁₀ + 5 O₂ ——> 5CO + 5H₂O

215
Q

What are the uses of methanol

A

1) good FUEL
2) good SOLVENT
3) starter chemical for other carbon containing compounds
4) makes up 95% of methylated spirits (other 5% H₂O)

216
Q

What is the production of methanol

A

The Motunui synthetic Fuels plant in Taranaki is responsible for converting natural gas (METHANE) into METHANOL. This is known as ‘SYNTHETIC FUEL’. This involves 3 steps.

217
Q

What is the first step in the production of methanol

A

1) SOURCE THE METHANE:
The plant takes methane from GAS FIELDS.`

218
Q

What is the second step in the production of methanol

A

2) THE REFORMING PROCESS (reform methane into something else):
The methane is converted into “synthesis gas’ which is CO & H₂. It requires STEAM and HIGH TEMP (500°C+)/HIGH PRESSURE (40atm)/Nickel CATALYST

219
Q

What is the formula for the second step in the production of methanol

A

(800°C high pressure nickel)
CH₄ + H₂O ——————————————–> CO + 3H₂

220
Q

What is the third step in the production of methanol

A

3) SYNTHASIS (MAKING THE METHANOL):
The synthesis gas is then passed over another catalyst (Cu + Zn) at a lower temp (250°C). This makes CH₃OH. It produces heat.

221
Q

What is the formula for the third step in the production of methanol

A

250°C CuZn catalyst
CO + 2H₂ —————————————> CH₃OH

222
Q

Products of combustion:
Environmental effects of CO₂ and H₂O:

A

CO₂ gas acts as a blanket over the earth, trapping heat (infrared radiation) in earth’s atmosphere instead of letting it out into space. As the heat is trapped, it prevents earth from cooling & raises global temperatures. Water vapor and CO₂ are both greenhouse gases, and trap the infrared radiation in earth’s atmosphere. Water vapor makes the atmosphere more humid, and amplifies the warming from CO₂.

223
Q

Products of combustion:
Environmental effects of CO (carbon monoxide) and C:

A

Carbon monoxides, when emitted into the atmosphere, effects the amount of greenhouse gases, which impacts land and sea temperature. It also contributes to increased storm activity and other extreme weather events. CO reacts with hydroxyl (OH) in the atmosphere, OH helps to reduce the lifetime of some strong greenhouse gases, so CO is preventing it from doing so. Soot (carbon, C) causes haze when sunlight interacts with small particles in the atmosphere. It also increases the acidity of lakes and rivers.

224
Q

Products of combustion:
Effects on human health from CO and C:

A

Carbon monoxide binds to red blood cells, reducing the ability of blood to carry oxygen, therefore interfering with the amount of oxygen carried to the organs. This causes fatigue, headaches, confusion & dizziness, because of less oxygen being delivered to the brain. Soot enters the body through inhalation, ingestion or via the skin and eyes. This can then cause breathing issues, bronchitis, heart disease & cancer. it affects infants, the elderly & those with existing breathing problems the most.

Science (27 decks)

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