Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Level 2 Bio: Cell division & DNA > Flashcards

Level 2 Bio: Cell division & DNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the full name of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the full name of RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are DNA & RNA made of

A

long chains of molecules called nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the complimentary base pairing rule

A

A to T and C to G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the full name of A

A

Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the full name of T

A

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the full name of C

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the full name of G

A

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 ends of strands of DNA

A

the 5’ end (5 prime end) and the 3’ end (3 prime end)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the nucleolus involved in

A

the construction of ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the nuclear pores involved in

A

the active transport of substances into & out of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the nuclear membrane

A

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus. It is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. The DNA is coiled up so that the long DNA molecules can fit inside the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the individual atoms involved in making deoxyribose sugars, phosphate and nucleotide base components

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus & nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are chromosomes located in the cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are chromosomes made up of

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do chromosomes store

A

the information for controlling a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle.

A

The cell cycle involves the production of new cells and the growth of those cells. New cells are produced by Mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication

A

The purpose of DNA replication is to produce two identical copies of the cells’ DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is DNA replication necessary

A

It is necessary so that each new cell has the required identical genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When does DNA replication occur in relation to Mitosis

A

It occurs before Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is semi-conservative

A

When DNA is replicated 1 strand is old (original) & has been conserved. The other strand is new.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication

A

The first step requires that the coiled DNA is allowed to uncoil by creating a swivel point. This is done by an enzyme called helicase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the process that occurs between the first and second stages of DNA replication

A

New pieces of DNA are formed from free nucleotide units joined together by enzymes. Enzymes control the whole process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the second stage of DNA replication

A

DNA is only read in the 3’ to 5’ direction so the new strand being created in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This only happens on one strand, the leading strand. The other strand is from 5’ to 3’ which bases can’t be added to (the lagging strand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the third stage of DNA replication

A

The leading strand, can be made as a continuous, complete strand. An enzyme called DNA polymerase joins all the nucleotides together.

27
Q

What is the fourth stage of DNA replication

A

This strand is made up of small fragments that are stuck together later by ligase enzymes. Each little fragment (1000 bases long) is reading the parent strand from 3’ to 5’. They are called Okazaki fragments.

28
Q

What is the fifth stage of DNA replication

A

Once replicated the two new strands of DNA coil up into a helix. Each of the two newly formed DNA strands will go into forming a chromatid.

29
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2

30
Q

What is the G1 stage

A

Growth phase- cell carrying out ‘normal’ cell processes’ growing

31
Q

What is the S stage

A

Synthesis DNA replication- DNA condenses into chromosomes, then DNA replication occurs.

32
Q

What is the G2 stage

A

Growth phase- cell checks replicated DNA, corrects any mistakes.

33
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis

A

The purpose of Mitosis is to produce 2 genetically identical cells for the growth of organisms and the repair of tissues/replacement of cells.

34
Q

What are the 6 stages of Mitosis

A

1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase
6) Cytokinesis

35
Q

What happens in Interphase

A

Chromosomes are replicated (# doubles)
Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase.

36
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Mitosis begins (cells begin to divide)
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell.
Spindle fibres form between the poles.

37
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers

38
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.

39
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

Two new nuclei form
Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods)
Mitosis ends.
Nucleus begins to form

40
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

41
Q

What are the factors affecting cell division

A

Just like every cell process many of the stages of the cell cycle are controlled by enzymes. Therefore, the factor that affect enzymes will also affect the rate of Mitosis.
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration

42
Q

As an infant becomes an adult what occurs

A

Lot’s of growth will be occurring & therefore the rates of Mitosis are higher in infancy & childhood.

43
Q

For plants when is the rate of Mitosis is highest

A

during seasonal growth

44
Q

What animal cells are most likely to become damaged

A

Skin & hair cells are exposed to the environment & are therefore most likely to become damaged. Therefore the rate of Mitosis is higher in skin & hair cells as opposed to brain or heart cells.

45
Q

For plant cells what cells are most likely to become damaged.

A

The roots & leaves are the most likely to be damaged, & so Mitosis rates are highest here.

46
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis in plants

A

Interphase
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Late Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

47
Q

What happens in Interphase in plants

A

DNA is replicated, centrosome which later forms the spindle is also replicated, cell enters Mitosis

48
Q

What happens in Early Prophase in plants

A

DNA continues condensing into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.

49
Q

What happens structurally in Prophase 1 (Meiosis)

A

Step 1: Chromosomes have shortened & thickened, becoming clearly visible as two chromatids held together by a CENTROMERE. The group of four chromatids is called a TETRAD or a BIVALENT.
Step 2: Parts of adjacent chromatids can CROSS OVER & recombine.

50
Q

What happens structurally in Metaphase 1 (Meiosis)

A

Step 3: The chromosomes arrange themselves along the cell equator, with each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes orientated towards an opposite pole. SPINDLE fibres begin pulling the homologous chromosomes apart.

51
Q

(Meiosis) What happens in Anaphase 1 (to do with chromosomes)

A

At the next stage of meiosis (Anaphase 1) any combination of chromosomes from each of the homologous pairs can move towards the cell poles.

52
Q

(Meiosis) What happens structurally in Anaphase 1

A

Step 4: The homologous pairs separate & move towards the cell poles. The cell membrane begins to close up between them.

53
Q

(Meiosis) What happens structurally in Telophase 1

A

Step 5: Two new cells form, both genetically unique because of the random assortment of alleles on the chromosomes that separated (& from crossing over) at Metaphase 1.

54
Q

(Meiosis) What can the chromosomes now do after Telophase 1

A

The chromosomes can now undergo a resting time in which they unravel. Further shortening & thickening indicates the start of the second stage of divisions. This stage is known as Prophase 2.

55
Q

(Meiosis) What happens structurally in Metaphase 2

A

Step 6: Chromosomes line up on the cell equator of each cell. Spindle fibres form. As in Metaphase 1, the positioning of chromosomes along the cell equator is random.

56
Q

(Meiosis) What happens structurally in Anaphase 2

A

Step 7: Chromatids separate & move towards the cell poles. Cell membranes constrict between them.

57
Q

(Meiosis) What happens structurally in Telophase 2

A

Step 8: Four new haploid daughter cells have formed, each of different genetic makeup from the other. These cells are the gametes.

58
Q

(Meiosis) At step 7, which __________ gets pulled into each new cell is random. This random assortment of ___________ and __________, like the exchange of genetic material during step 2 and the different alleles present on each chromosomes, increases the genetic variability of the gametes formed.

A

At step 7, which CHROMOSOME gets pulled into each new cell is random. This random assortment of CHROMOSOMES and CHROMATIDS, like the exchange of genetic material during step 2 and the different alleles present on each chromosomes, increases the genetic variability of the gametes formed.

59
Q

What is the full name of U

A

Uracil

60
Q

Why is DNA classified as a polymer

A

Because its made up of many repeating units

61
Q

What are Adenine & Guanine

A

Purines

62
Q

What are Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil

A

Pyrimidines

63
Q

What is reduction division used for

A

Used to form gametes (sex cells)

64
Q

What happens in meiosis to do with cell divisions

A

In Meiosis the chromosomes are replicated once but the original cell undergoes 2 cell divisions.

Science (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions