Level 2 Flashcards
We hope that you are successful in this tournament. If we were to translate that previous sentence into Latin (read it again, if necessary), we would use what use of the infinitive?
Bonus: What would be the correct tense of the infinitive in our Latin sentence?
Bonus: What use of the ablative would be in our Latin sentence?
INDIRECT STATEMENT
FUTURE
PLACE WHERE
What is the difference between the translations of “was being carried” and “was carried”?
Bonus: What imperfect tense shows what type of past action?
WAS BEING CARRIED - IMPERFECT PASSIVE and WAS CARRIED - PERFECT PASSIVE
INCOMPLETE or REPEATED
A shot from whose bow killed Achilles?
Bonus: What god was said to have guided Paris’ arrow?
PARIS
APOLLO
An alea or talus was a die (singular of dice) used in games. From what were aleae or tali usually made?
Bonus: The worst throw of the dice was called a canis. What is a canis?
KNUCKLE BONES OF PIGS
DOG
Identify the common bond: Curiata, Centuriata, Tributa.
Bonus: Which comitium met to confer imperium on a consul or praetor?
COMITIA (accept ASSEMBLIES)
CURIATA
What is the difference in meaning between the verbs morior and moror?
Bonus: What about solus and soleo?
MORIOR - TO DIE and MOROR - TO STAY
SOLUS - ALONE/ONLY and SOLEO - TO BE ACCUSTOMED
Who suffered the fate of being chained to a rock and having his liver eaten out daily by an eagle or vulture?
Bonus: Who suffered the fate of being chained to a rock for a sea-monster?
PROMETHEUS
ANDROMEDA
What was the flamen Dialis?
Bonus: What about the flamen Quirinalis?
PRIEST OF JUPITER
PRIEST OF QUIRINUS, THE DEIFIED ROMULUS
Today’s date is March 30th. Express that date as a first century AD Roman would understand it (you may use the appropriate abbreviations).
Qui dies est ante diem septem Kalendas Maias
Bonus: Now give the date without abbreviations.
Bonus: The year is AD 1996. Express that as a Roman would understand it A.U.C.
AD III Kal. Apr.
APRIL 25
ANTE DIEM III (TRES) KALENDAS APRILES
A.U.C. MCMXCVI
What case is used to show place where with the names of cities and towns?
Bonus: Titus decided to stay at Athens. Translate the place construction in that sentence into Latin.
LOCATIVE
ATHENIS
Identify the common bond: audeo, soleo, gaudeo.
Bonus: Give the last principal parts of each of those verbs.
SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS
AUSUS and SOLITUS and GAUDEO
Name, in order, the seven kings of Rome.
Bonus: Which Sabine king ruled briefly with Romulus?
ROM., NUM. POMP., T. HOST., ANC. MARC., TARQ. PRIS., SERV. TULL., and TARQ. SUP.
TITUS TATIUS
Give the Latin and English for the abbreviation R.I.P.
Bonus: What use of the subjunctive is this?
REQUIESCAT IN PACE - MAY HE REST IN PEACE
OPTATIVE or HORTATORY or JUSSIVE
Who sent Jason to fetch the golden fleece?
Bonus: Jason had to fetch the golden fleece (and some say avenge the murder of Phrixus) in order to regain the throne from Pelias who had murdered Jason’s father. Name him.
PELIAS
NELEUS
What did the Romans call the Black Sea?
Bonus: What do we know as the Mare Germanicum?
PONTUS EUXINUS
NORTH SEA
What editor’s or proof-reader’s mark was is used to cancel a deletion or other change previously made to a manuscript or proof?
Bonus: What does this term mean?
STET
“LET IT STAND”
Identify the common bond: far, camillus, pronuba.
Bonus: What was the meaning of feliciter, shouted at the wedding party as they paraded home?
CONFARREATIO WEDDING
GOOD LUCK or HAPPINESS
Errare humanum est. Why is humanum neuter?
Bonus: The little-known correct completion of this phrase is “To correct is divine.” Is this use of the infinitive subjective, objective, or complementary?
INFINITIVES ARE INHERENTLY NEUTER AND TAKE A NEUTER PREDICATE
SUBJECTIVE
Distinguish in meaning between rex, regia, and regnum.
Bonus: Using the verb rego, regere, rexi, rectum meaning “to rule”, translate into Latin “The kingdom had been ruled by the king in the palace.”
REX - “KING”; REGIA - “PALACE”; and REGNUM - “KINGDOM”
REGNUM A REGE IN REGIA REGNUM ERAT
In what year was Octavian named Augustus by the Senate?
Bonus: What was the term for emperor, which basically meant “chief citizen”?
27 BC
PRINCEPS
Distinguish in meaning between vis and vis.
Bonus: What is the Latin and English for the abbreviation of viz.?
“YOU WISH” and VIS - “FORCE” (not STRENGTH, THAT IS ONLY FOR THE PLURAL)
VIDELICET - “CLEARLY, OBVIOUSLY”
The Nones fall on the 5th and the Ides on the 13th of every month except which four?
Bonus: What were the original names of the months Julius and Augustus?
MARCH, MAY, JULY, OCTOBER
QUINCTILIS and SEXTILIS
Hercules perfomed twelve labors to attone for killing his first wife in a fit of rage. Who was this unfortunate woman?
Bonus: Who was Hercules’ second wife who inadvertently brought about his death?
MEGARA
DEIANIRA
Who was the author of the Ab Urbe Condita?
Bonus: Who was the author of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars?
LIVY
SUETONIUS
Give the first person singular, imperfect passive subjunctive of the verb from which we derive the noun “expulsion”.
Bonus: Change to the pluperfect.
EXPELLERER
EXPULSUS ESSEM
What tough Roman king was responsible for the destruction of Alba Longa?
Bonus: Who had founded Alba Longa?
TULLUS HOSTILIUS
ASCANIUS
What is the perfect active infinitive of the verb from which we derive the English noun “spectator.”
Bonus: Change to the future active infinitive.
SPECTAVISSE
SPECTATURUS ESSE
Economists often speak of per capita income. What does per capita mean?
Bonus: Rome has been called the caput mundi. What does this mean?
FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL
THE CENTER OF THE WORLD
Arrange these lements of a Roman boy’s education in the proper sequence: rhetor, grammaticus, ludus litterarius.
Bonus: Name one of the two Greek elements of a youth’s training that the Roman’s considered mere frills.
LUDUS LITTERARIUS, GRAMMATICUS, RHETOR
MUSIC or PHYS. ED. or GYMNASTICS
What is the term for an uninvited dinner guest?
Bonus: Umbrae would not be given food from the main course but frusta instead. What is this?
UMBRA
SCRAPS or LEFT-OVERS
Which god carried the thyrsus?
Bonus: What was Mercury’s wand called?
DIONYSUS or BACCHUS
CADUCEUS
What is the third person singular, imperfect indicative of the verb from which we get the English word “patience”?
Bonus: Change patiebatur to the subjunctive.
PATIEBATUR
PATERETUR
In the use of Roman numerals, what does it mean when there is a bar over the numerals?
Bonus: What did it mean when a Roman numeral had a bar on top and on the left and right?
X 1000
X 1,000,000
What river served as the geographical boundary of Italy and Cisalpine Gaul?
Bonus: What large river in Northern Italy is fed by the Alps and serves as a major agricultural resource?
RUBICON
PO
The editor said that the next edition of the book would be out within three years. Translate the time construction into Latin.
Bonus: The first edition was released two years ago. Translate that time construction.
TRIBUS ANNIS
ABHINC DUOS ANNOS
Who were the Gemini?
Bonus: Who were the Atridae?
CASTOR and POLLUX
AGAMEMNON and MENELAUS
Who was awarded a triumph in 81 BC, 71BC, and 61BC and the consulship in 70 BC, 55BC, and 52 BC although he was not a man of senatorial rank?
Bonus: Who (reluctantly) cognominated Pompey “Magnus” in 81 BC?
POMPEY (THE GREAT)
SULLA
Translate into Latin: “Part of the boys and all of the girls.”
Bonus: How would you say “A few of us?”
PARS PUERORUM ET OMNES PUELLAE
PAUCI NOSTRUM
Identify the common bond: Tellus, Gaea, Terra.
Bonus: Identify: Bona Dea, Magna Mater, Cybele.
MOTHER EARTH (or MOTHER GODDESS) THE GREAT MOTHER GODDESS
The motto of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is “Mens et manus.” Translate.
Bonus: What is the meaning of Harvard’s motto: Veritas?
MIND AND HAND
TRUTH
What Greek enchantress turned Odysseus’ men into swine and detained him for a year?
Bonus: On what island did this take place?
CIRCE
AEAEA
Numa Pompilius is said to have added two months to the original ten-month calendar. What two months did he add?
Bonus: Who further reformed the calendar in 45 BC?
JANUARY and FEBRUARY
JULIUS CAESAR
You have reached the final round of competition. Now is not the time to rest on your laurels. What does that phrase mean?
Bonus: Since the laurel was also associated with poetic or prophetic inspiration, what is the title of a nation’s greatest poet?
TO BE CONTENT OR SATISFIED WITH ONE’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS
POET LAUREATE
What English adjective meaning “overly rash or bold” refers to the son of Daedalus who did not heed his father’s warning and flew too close to the son?
Bonus: What is the meaning of the English adjective “daedalian”?
ICARIAN
INTRICATE or COMPLEX
Who am I? I was a pupil of Aristotle and often dreamed of world conquest. I consolidated Macedonia’s hold on Greece and them took control of Asia, Egypt, and Syria. In 326 BC I ordered the Greeks to consider me a god and I found an Egyptian oracle to confirm it. By 325 BC I was in control of a huge territory stretching from Macedonia to India.
Bonus: At what young age did I die?
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
32
A sign from ancient Pompeii advertises games to be held on the day before the Kalends of June. They advertise venatio et vela erunt. What is a venatio and in what form does a venatio survive in the world today?
Bonus: What was the meaning of vela erunt?
AN ANIMAL HUNT; BULL-FIGHTING
THERE WILL BE AWNINGS OVER THE AMPHITHEATER
What is the Latin for “a horn of plenty,” signifying any particularly abundant source?
Bonus: One myth lists the origin of the cornucopia as a horn which was broken off of what goat which nourished Zeus as a infant?
CORNUCOPIA
ALMATHEA
Distinguish in meaning between tamen and tandem.
Bonus: If the main clause of a Latin sentence contains tamen, how do you translate the cum in the subordinate clause?
Bonus: What is the difference between tam and tum?
TAMEN - “HOWEVER” and TANDEM - “FINALLY”
“ALTHOUGH”
TAM - “SO” and TUM - “THEN”
Identify the common bond: Ptolemy II, Pyrrhus, Hannibal.
Bonus: The Romans never used elephants much in battle, but in what other activity did they use them?
USED ELEPHANTS IN BATTLE
ARENA
The authority of a pater familias over his descendants was called what?
Bonus: What was a husband’s authority over his wife called?
PATRIA POTESTAS
MANUS
If someone tells you to take some information cum grano salis, what do they mean?
Bonus: If someone says the information is bona fide, what does she mean?
WITH GRAIN OF SALT meaning WITH CERTAIN RESERVATION OF BELIEF
IN GOOD FAITH/TRUE AND BELIEVABLE
After what battle and in wht year did Julius Caesar send back the famous phrase “Veni! Vidi! Vici!”?
Bonus: At what battle in what year did Caesar succeed in becoming an autocrat, having defeated all of his political opponents?
ZELA IN 47 BC
PHARSALUS IN 48BC
What god was said to have been the father of Servius Tullius?
Bonus: Though born to a slave-woman, Servius Tullius was marked for greatness when what occured when he was a baby?
VULCAN (not HEPHAESTUS)
A BLUE FLAME WAS SEEN FLICKERING AROUND HIS HEAD
“Marcus remained in Sicily for ten months.” Translate the time construnction in that sentence into Latin:
Bonus: “When he arrives home, we will have a huge banquet.” Using a cum clause and the verb advenio, advenire, translate the phrase “When he arrives home…”
DECEM MENSES
CUM DOMUM ADVENERIT
What kingdom did Attalus bequeath to Rome in 133BC?
Bonus: Pergamum was located on the western shore of what large eastern peninsula?
PERGAMUM
ASIA MINOR or TURKEY
Identify the common bond: mane, cliens, sportula.
Bonus: What was the sportula?
ELEMENTS OF THE SALUTATIO
BASKET OF FOOD or SMALL GIFT OF MONEY
Answer the following question in Roman numerals: Multiply the number of indicative tenses by the number of persons, add the number of voices and divide the whole sum by the number of subjunctive tenses.
Bonus: Responde Latine: Multiply the number of cases (not including vocative and locative) by the number of declensions and subtract the sum of the number of genders and numbers.
V
VIGINTI
Translate the motto of the City College of New York: Respice, Adspice, Prospice.
Bonus: What is the translation of the motto of North Carolina: Esse Quam Videri?
“LOOK TO THE PAST, LOOK AT THE PRESENT, LOOK TO THE FUTURE”
“TO BE RATHER THAN TO SEEM”
“Titus said that he was happy with the new arrangements.” Give the correct form of the infinitive in that sentence.
Bonus: “Titus said that he would be happy.” Translate the infinitive in that sentence.
ESSE
FUTURUM ESSE
Which of the following is not a deponent verb: moror, morior, fruor, uxor, and vescor?
Bonus: Which of the verbs above (i.e. moror, morior, fruor, and vescor) take an object in the ablative?
UXOR
FRUOR and VESCOR
Responde latine. Quot cohortes in legione sunt?
Bonus: Responde latine. Quot centuriones in cohorte?
DECEM
SEX
Had his men not let the cat out of the bag, so to speak, Odysseus might have made it home from Troy in the first year of his voyage. What was it that the sailors let out of the bag?
Bonus 1: What minor god gave Odysseus the present that ended up hurting him when his men opened it without authorization and let all the winds escape?
Bonus 2: What goddess, still angry at Aeneas and the Trojans, asked Aeolus to shipwreck them when they are attempting to sail from Sicily to Italy?
THE WINDS
AEOLUS
JUNO
The decisive battle between Pompey and Caesar occurred at Pharsalus in 48 B.C. After his defeat, Pompey fled to Alexandria. How was he received there?
Bonus: Whom did Caesar attempt to reinstate on the throne of Egypt after he pursued Pompey to Alexandria?
HE WAS KILLED (BY ORDER OF PTOLEMY)
CLEOPATRA
What is unusual about verbs of favoring, helping, pleasing, and trusting with regard to their grammatical usage?
Bonus: Give four other type of verbs that would take the dative.
THEIR OBJECTS ARE IN THE DATIVE CASE
THE OPPOSITES OF THOSE ABOVE, BELIEF, PERSUASION, COMMAND, OBEY, SERVE, RESIST, ENVY, THREATEN, PARDON, and SPARE
In a Roman household, what was the special duty of a coquus?
Bonus: Translate quid coquitur?
COOKING
WHAT’S COOKING?
Sometimes you just have to face it; one woman in the ancient world was just stone cold ugly. You wouldn’t want to face her, the reflection in your shield would be safer. Who was she?
Bonus: What famous creature sprang from the blood of Medusa?
Bonus: What god was reputed to have sired Pegasus?
MEDUSA
PEGASUS
POSEIDON/NEPTUNE
Hamilcar Barca expanded Carthage’s empire by conquering parts of Spain. He also fathered one of the greatest generals the world has seen. Who was this Carthaginian general?
Bonus: Whose war tactic of encirclement did Scipio Africanus adopt to defeat Hannibal at Zama?
HANNIBAL
HANNIBAL’S
What degree of adjective would be used to express that something is too heavy?
Bonus: Say in Latin: The rock is too heavy.
COMPARATIVE
SAXUM GRAVIUS EST.
Give the four irregular (they lack their final -e) imperative singular verbs.
Bonus: Give the plural imperatives of duc and fer.
We all know the phrase cave canem. Now make that phrase plural.
DIC, DUC, FAC, FER
DUCITE, FERTE
CAVETE CANES
What was the name of the slave who was thrown to the lions but was not killed because the fiercest lion recognized him as a friend?
Bonus: What had Androcles done that had earned the friendship of this lion?
ANDROCLES/ANDROCLUS
HE’D REMOVED A THORN FROM HIS PAW
Which of the following fruits did the Romans not grow: apples, cherries, grapes, oranges, pears, peaches?
Bonus: Give the Roman names of two of the fruits above.
ORANGES
MALUM, CERASUM, UVA, PIRUM, PERSICUM
What hero captured Pegasus at Corinth and later killed the Chimera?
Bonus: How did Bellerophon die?
BELLOROPHON
HE WAS FLUNG OFF PEGASUS WHILE WHILE TRYING TO FLY TO MT. OLYMPUS
Sometimes certamen questions can seem to go on endlessly. What Latin expression expresses “endlessly”?
Bonus: What is the expression that means from the beginning, literally translated “from the egg”?
AD INFINITUM
AB OVO
What Latin word would introduce the subordinate clause in the following sentence: “We held back so that the other teams would ring in first.”
Bonus: What do we call the type of subordinate clause in this sentence: “We asked that they accompany us”?
UT
UT CLAUSE OF INDIRECT COMMAND
Romans thought that eating butter was barbaric. What did they use instead?
Bonus: What, in Latin and English, did Romans use to sweeten foods?
OLIVE OIL
MEL/HONEY
Even while denying the rumor, who divorced his wife after it was said that Publius Clodius Pulcher had disturbed the rites of the Bona Dea in order to be with her?
Bonus: Who was this wife?
Bonus: What reason did Caesar give for divorcing Pompeia?
JULIUS CAESAR
POMPEIA
THAT CAESAR’S WIFE MUST BE ABOVE SUSPICION
Give the three participles and their meanings from the verb scribo.
Bonus: Translate the participle in the following sentence: Thisbe, intending to die, drew Pyramus’ dagger.
SCRIBENS- WRITING, SCRIBENTUS/A/UM- HAVING WRITTEN, and SCRIPTURUS/A/UM- ABOUT TO WRITE
MORITURA
Translate the relative pronoun in the following sentence into Latin: I saw the girl who was sitting under the tree.
Bonus: Translate “who was sitting” from that sentence using only a present active participle.
QUAE
SEDENTEM
Of potatoes, corn, tomatoes, and onions, which would an ancient Roman have eaten?
Bonus: Which of the following would a Roman have most readily drunk: oleum, vinum, lac
ONIONS
VINUM
In early Roman history the new year began on March 1st. At that time what was the name of the fifth month?
Bonus: After Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, this month was renamed Iulius. Why was this month chosen to honor Caesar?
QUINCTILIS
IT WAS THE MONTH OF HIS BIRTH
What Greek god is said to have invented the lyre out of a tortoise shell?
Bonus: Who is his son who invented the syrinx or reed pipe?
HERMES
PAN
The subjunctive gets its name because it is often yoked under a main verb. When that main clause contains an adjective or adverb expressing degree, what type of subordinate clause are you most likely to find?
Bonus: What words would introduce the result clause in the following sentence: The man in front of me was so tall that I was not able to see.
RESULT CLAUSE
UT NON
A fiat is a decree or order. What is the literal meaning of the Latin word fiat?
Bonus: What use of the subjunctive is that?
LET IT BE DONE/LET IT HAPPEN
JUSSIVE/HORTATORY
Put the following four people in chronological order of their deaths: Cicero, Tiberius, Augustus, Antony.
Bonus: In what year did Cicero die?
C, An, Au, T
43 BC
What was the expression used for a man such as Cicero who became consul without having a distinguished family?
Bonus: How long was a censor in office?
NOVUS HOMO
18 MONTHS
Who were Helen of Troy’s twin brothers, the Dioscuri, sons of Leda who were said to live half their time on earth, half in Heaven?
Bonus 1: What sign of the zodiac with what meaning do we get from these brothers?
Bonus 2: Tell me in Latin how many signs of the zodiac there are.
CASTOR and POLLUX
GEMINI, TWINS
DUODECIM
Using a deponent verb, say in Latin “Marcus is speaking.”
Bonus: Using the same two verbs, tell Marcus to speak.
MARCUS LOQUITUR
LOQUERE, MARCE
Using an ablative absolute, say in Latin, “While Marcus was speaking, Julia listened.”
Bonus: Now translate, “While Marcus and Julia were speaking, no one listened.”
MARCO LOQUENTE, IULIA AUDIVIT
MARCO AND IULIA LOQUENTIBUS, NEMO AUDIVIT.
Who was Caesar’s nominal co-consul during the consulship of Julius and Caesar?
Bonus: Why did Bibulus not often leave his house?
BIBULUS
HE WAS CONSTANTLY TAKING THE OMENS
Give the name for the fish sauce which Romans savored on their food.
Bonus: Using the verb, aspergo, aspergere, aspersi, aspersum, say in Latin “asparagus sprinkled with garum”
GARUM
ASPARAGUS ASPERSUS GARO
What daughter of one of the original Olympians was abducted by her uncle while she was picking flowers in a field?
Bonus: Zeus did not always have a very respectful view of women, and so you would think that he wouldn’t have been too concerned about his brother’s actions. He felt the need to intervene for the return of Persephone, however, because what was happening as a result of Demeter’s grief?
PERSEPHONE/PROSPERINA
THE CROPS WERE FAILING
Translate the adjective in the following sentence: I think that the work of mothers is very hard.
Bonus: Translate the entire sentence.
DIFFICILLIMUM
PUTO/OPINOR LABOREM MATREM DIFFICILLIMUM ESSE
Every certamen has to have a tricky round which is always a little harder. Watch out and stay on your toes. If the first sentence I just read were in Latin, what would be the word for “a little”?
Bonus: What is the name of that construction?
PAULO
ABLATIVE DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE
When the Romans wanted to humiliate a defeated enemy, what custom did they have for those who had surrendered?
Bonus: What Numidian king made the Roman army of Albinus walk under the yoke and lived to regret it when he was captured by Marius in 106 B.C.?
SUBJUGATION/PLACING UNDER THE YOLK
JUGURTHA
What was the food and drink of the gods is a commonly asked question, and as we all know it was nectar and ambrosia. However, do you know what Greek god introduced a new drink to the his fellow deities? The Latin name for this new concoction is vinum.
Bonus: What was unusual about Bacchus’ birth?
DIONYSUS
HIS MOTHER WAS KILLED BEFORE HE WAS BORN AND SO HE GREW IN ZEUS’ THIGH
White is the traditional color for brides in America. In ancient Rome, however, it was something like saffron. American brides wear their rings on the third (some say fourth) finger of their left hands. Where did Roman brides wear them?
Bonus: What words did a Roman bride recite at her wedding?
ON THE SAME FINGER
UBI TU GAIUS, EGO GAIA.
The Latin verb partire is to share, and it provides the basis for what part of speech that shares the functions of a verb and an adjective?
Bonus: Name the Latin participles.
PARTICIPLE
PRESENT ACTIVE, PERFECT PASSIVE, FUTURE ACTIVE+PASSIVE
Deponent verbs are a bit unusual, doing the most unexpected things at times. What is a little odd about the future passive participle of a deponent verb?
Bonus: Give the participles and meanings from hortor.
IT HAS A PASSIVE MEANING
HORTANS- ENCOURAGING, HORTATUS- HAVING ENCOURAGED, HORTATURUS-ABOUT TO ENCOURAGE, HORTANDUS- TO BE ENCOURAGED
A major road was built between Capua and Rome in 312 B.C. It was later expanded to Brundisium. It was constructed during the censorship of Appius Claudius. It was partially lined with what type of structure, one of the most famous of which belongs to Caecilia Metella?
Bonus: Why were people buried along the Appian Way rather than near their homes in the city?
TOMBS
IT WAS ILLEGAL TO BURY PEOPLE IN ROME
Medusa was once a beautiful woman, but she turned so ugly that anyone who looked at her became stone. Perseus was able to kill her while she was asleep, however, but he couldn’t kill her sisters. Why not?
Bonus: How many sisters did Medusa have, and what were their names?
THEY WERE IMMORTAL
TWO: STHENO and EURYALE
How many years was Julius Caesar Pontifex Maximus?
Bonus: Augustus allowed his former triumvir Lepidus to remain pontifex maximus until his death in 12 B.C. Augustus then assumed the office and held it until the end of his reign. How long was Augustus pontifex maximus?
20 (63-44 BC)
26 (12 BC-AD 14)
Once you’ve figured it out, translate the prepositional phrase “in the following sentence”.
Bonus: Translate this sentence into Latin.
IN SEQUENTI (-E) SENTENTIA REDDE LATINE HANC SENTENTIAM (TRANSFER, VERTE, ETC. IN LINGUAM LATINAM)
Give the translation of and the type of clause used in “Iaceant canes dormientes.”
Bonus: The hortatory/jussive subjunctive is different from other subjunctives in that it is used in independent clauses. Give another independent use.
LET SLEEPING DOGS LIE, HORTATORY/JUSSIVE
OPTATIVE, POTENTIAL, DELIBERATIVE
Cerberus was lulled to sleep by what Greek minstrel?
Bonus: Cerberus also fell asleep when Aeneas and the Sybil went to the underworld. Why was that?
ORPHEUS
THE SYBIL TOSSED HIM HONEY AND DRUGGED MEAT
A censor was a Roman official who took the census and had control over public morals. They served for a term of 18 months but often were elections held for the office?
Bonus: How many censors were there at one time?
EVERY FIVE YEARS
TWO
In July of 44 B.C. Octavian staged the Ludi Victoriae Caesaris to fulfill a vow to his adopted father. It is said that during this time the sidus Iulium appeared. What was the sidus Iulium?
Bonus: What did this star or comet supposedly signify?
THE JULIAN STAR
THAT JULIUS CAESAR HAD BECOME A GOD
What word would introduce the subordinate clause in the following sentence? He sent men to explore the territory.
Bonus: What type of subordinate clause is this?
QUI
RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
Keeping with the relative pronoun theme for the moment, I would like for the person whom I recognize to tell me what relative pronoun would be used if this whole sentence were translated into Latin.
Bonus: In that same long sentence, what case, number, and gender would “keeping” be?
QUEM
NOMINATIVE, SINGULAR, MASC/FEM (DEPENDS ON THE GENDER OF THE MODERATOR)
The last Roman emperor in the West was deposed in 476 A.D. Give his name as well as the name of his deposer.
Bonus: In religious matters, Odoacer was of the Arian persuasion. This heresy which taught that Christ was a creature rather than God from eternity had been condemned at the Council of Nicaea which was convened by what Emperor?
Bonus: What disastrous event occurred in 1204, from which the Empire never really recovered?
ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS, ODOACER
CONSTANTINE
CONSTANTINOPLE WAS CAPTURED BY THE CRUSADERS
What Athenian prince contributed to his father’s death by his own carelessness in forgetting to hoist the proper sails on his return from Crete where he had killed the minotaur?
Bonus: Who was his father, how did he die, and what geographical name do we have from that?
THESEUS
AEGEUS, HE LEPFT INTO THE SEA, AEGEAN SEA
Divide the number of Vestal Virgins into the minimum number of years a Vestal had to serve, et responde Latine.
Bonus: What was the punishment for impurity in a Vestal?
QUINQUE
SHE WAS BURIED ALIVE
The verbs volo, nolo, and malo follow a similar pattern. This should be no surprise, since nolo and malo both use volo as a root. Of what two phrases, with their literal meanings, are these verbs contractions?
Bonus: Conjugate volo completely in the present indicative.
NON VOLO-NOT TO WANT; MAGIS VOLO-TO WANT MORE
VOLO, VIS, VULT, VOLUMUS, VULTUS, VOLUNT
Congratulations on making it into the Final Round of the 2000 Ad Fontes Certamen. Give me the Latin noun and its English meaning from which our word “final” derives.
Bonus 1: Give the word in its nominative and genitive plural along with its plural meaning.
Bonus 2: Give another Latin word with the meaning “territory.”
FINIS, FINIS, END/BOUNDARY/LIMIT
FINES, FINIUM, COUNTRY/TERRITORY/LAND
AGER, AGRI/REGIO, REGIONIS
I was a legate during the year 109 during the Jurgurthine War. Two years later I became consul. I abolished the property qualification for the army, thus recruiting volunteers. I captured Jurgurtha, but am perhaps\ even better know for my conflict with the man who was then my senior legate, Sulla.
Bonus 1: Marius was helped in achieving the consulship in that he had married advantageously a patrician named Julia. What relation was this woman to Julius Caesar?
Bonus 2:What famous comment did Sulla once make about Caesar that pertained to his uncle by marriage?
MARIUS
HIS AUNT
“I SEE MANY A MARIUS IN HIM”
What Roman magistrate was assigned the task of keeping the streets clean? Additionally he had to entertain the public and host annual games.
Bonus 1: If a politician skipped the aedileship, what next office in the cursus honorum did he seek?
Bonus 2: What are the three traditional offices of the cursus honorum?
AEDILE
PRAETORSHIP
QUAESTOR, PRAETOR, CONSUL
What beast of mythology is, according to Homer, “lion in front, snake behind, and she-goat in the middle”?
Bonus: Describe the hybrid sphinx that terrorized the Thebans until Oedipus caused her death.
CHIMERA
HUMAN HEAD, BODY OF A LION (POSSIBLY WITH WINGS)
In America, it’s usually only little children who say the word “beautifuler,” but that was not the case in Rome. What perfectly correct Latin word conveys the same idea?
Bonus 1: Make pulchrior superlative.
Bonus 2: I don’t know whether little kids might say “suitable-er”. I doubt it. I doubt Roman kids tried it either, though they might have. How did Roman adults say “more suitable”?
PULCHRIOR/PULCHRIUS
PULCHERRIMUS/A
MAGIS IDONEUS
Responde Latine. Quis dixit “Speculum, speculum in muro. Quis pulcherrima omnium est?”
Bonus 1: Yes, it was the queen in “Snow White and the Seven Dwarves.” Of those septem homunculi, who were Medicus, Laetus, et Somniculosus?
Bonus 2: What about “Querens?”
REGINA (MALA IN NIVEA)
DOC, HAPPY, and SLEEPY
GRUMPY
Well, we’ll move away from our modern mythology back to some ancient. If Clytemnestra had had a magic mirror and had asked it who was the fairest of them all in her day, what would the mirror have told her?
Bonus 1: In what two ways were Helen and Clytemnestra related?
Bonus 2: We don’t know whether Clytemnestra was jealous of her sister, but she didn’t take kindly to her husband’s being gone at Troy for ten years and coming home with a Trojan princess. Who was the princess who was killed by this jealous wife?
HELEN
THEY WERE SISTERS AND SISTERS-IN-LAW
CASSANDRA
The suicide of what wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus led to the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome by Lucius Junius Brutus?
Bonus 1: What was the full name of the king that Brutus drove from Rome?
Bonus 2: What Etruscan ruler did Tarquin the Proud enlist to help him retake Rome?
LUCRETIA
LUCIUS TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (LAST KING OF ROME)
LARS PORSENNA
What art-form, composed of tesserae and glue or cement, did the Romans perfect?
Bonus 1: In reference to the question above, what is a tessera?
Bonus 2: What architectural feature did the Romans perfect which allowed them to complete such magnificent buildings as the Pantheon?
MOSAICS
A SMALL PIECE OF STONE, WOOD, or GLASS; TILE
THE DOME
This verb does NOT mean “I do not know.” What is the correct meaning of the ignosco?
Bonus 1: What case does ignosco govern?
Bonus 2: What Latin word does mean “I do not know”?
TO FORGIVE/PARDON/OVERLOOK
DATIVE
NESCIO/IGNORO
The fifth declension has only a few words in common use. Which fifth declension word is used in countless idioms such as “grain,” “deeds” and “republic”?
Bonus 1: How do you say “deeds” using res?
Bonus 2: How do you say “revolution” using res?
RES, REI
RES GESTAE
RES NOVAE
Emperors in the mid-third century were often depicted on coins wearing coronae radiatae. These spiky crown were meant to evoke what celestial object?
Bonus 1: Constantine was one of the first Roman emperors to depict himself on coins wearing a diadem. He was associating himself with kings of what Greek realm who had worn the diadem?
Bonus 2: What sort of crown did Augustus wear on his coinage?
THE SUN
MACEDONIC OR HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS
NONE OR A LAUREL WREATH
Each cyclops had only one eye, but what three aged sisters possessed only one eye among the three of them?
Bonus 1: What hero stole their eye in order to learn how to find the Garden of the Hesperides?
Bonus 2: The Graiae not only had just one eye, but also only one of what other body part which the rest of us have many of?
THE GRAIAE
PERSEUS
TOOTH
The biggest encyclopedia of the ancient world was compiled by what author and politician who perished during the rescue operations at Vesuvius?
Bonus 1: Pliny’s last days are known to us from a letter written by whom?
Bonus 2: Pliny the Younger is famous for his correspondence, and one of his letters is an early account of Christian worship as well as Roman persecution. To what emperor was this letter addressed?
C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS/PLINY THE ELDER
C. PLINIUS JOCUNDUS/PLINY THE YOUNGER
TRAJAN
Change factus sum to the future tense.
Bonus 1: Make that imperfect subjunctive.
Bonus 2: Say in Latin, “ I know that Caesar became dictator”
FIAM
FIEREM
SCIO CAESAREM DICTATOREM FACTUM
Name two subordinate clauses that regularly use the subjunctive in the perfect and pluperfect tenses.
Bonus 1: What type of subordinate clause normally uses only present and imperfect subjunctive?
Bonus 2: Say in Latin, “Our teacher encouraged us to come today!”
INDIRECT QUESTION, FEARING, CUM
RESULT
NOSTER MAGISTER NOS HORTATUS EST UT HODIE VENIREMUS
Which king is credited with reorganizing the Roman army and building a wall around the city?
Bonus 1: Roman historians believed that Servius Tullius had what origin?
Bonus 2: How did Servius Tullius die?
SERVIUS TULLIUS
SLAVE IN TARQUIN’S HOUSEHOLD
MURDER VIA TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS
Before drinking their wine, with what did the Greeks and Romans usually mix it?
Bonus: Passus is an adjective meaning “dried”? As a noun, it refers to wine made from what?
WATER
RAISINS
Before Paris, Troy had a reputation for treachery. What king of Troy accepted Heracles’ offer to kill a sea monster but then reneged on giving Heracles the divine horses Zeus had given him?
Bonus 1: Heracles sacked Troy in his anger over this treachery. He kidnapped the princess whom he had saved from the sea monster and gave her to Telamon as a bride. Who was this princess?
Bonus 2: Heracles also killed the traitor Laomedon as well as all of his sons except one. What is Podarces’ more familiar name?
LAOMEDON
HESIONE
PRIAM
When recognized, please perform the following command. Te in pavimento sedente, pone manus in capite.
Bonus 1: Give all the words that were in the ablative in the command and explain their function.
Bonus 2:Translate the command I gave earlier (Te in pavimento sedente, pone manus in capite), but the trick is that you have to keep a similar meaning and grammar while using at least four derivatives from the Latin words in the command. You may, of course, be verbose.
SIT ON THE FLOOR AND PUT THEIR HANDS ON THEIR HEAD
TE, SEDENTE- PART OF AN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE; PAVIMENTO, CAPITE- PLACE WHERE
WHILE YOU ARE IN A SEDENTARY POSITION ON THE PAVEMENT, POSITION YOUR MANICURED PARTS ON THE CAPITAL PORTION OF YOUR BODY
Which of the following is not a deponent verb: conor, hortor, amor, and moror?
Bonus: What is deponent verb?
AMOR
A VERB THAT LOOKS PASSIVE BUT ACTS ACTIVE
Quot annos Graeci Troiam obsidebant?
Bonus: What case was your answer and for what reason?
DECEM
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT OF TIME
Give the Roman numeral for the year in which Julius Caesar was assassinated.
Bonus: Give the Roman numeral for the year in which Julius Caesar became Pontifex Maximus, Cicero as consul exposed the Catalinarian conspiracy, and Augustus was born.
XLIV
LXIII
Participles share the functions of what two parts of speech?
Bonus: Give the translation of the participle in the following sentence: Loving grammar, the students were eager to answer the question.
VERBS AND ADJECTIVES
AMANTES
The only year that Cicero (one such “novus homo”) was consul was 63 B.C. Whose conspiracy did he put down at that time?
Bonus: What future emperor was born during this year?
CATALINE’S
AUGUSTUS
There is a story in the Bible about two missionaries, Paul and Barnabas, who perform a miracle in Phrygia. The people of the town immediately conclude that these two men are Zeus and Hermes, and they want to show their devotion by offering sacrifices. The people were probably remembering the story of the punishment that had befallen a town that failed to extend hospitality to these two gods and wanted to avoid that for themselves. What was that punishment?
Bonus: Who were the elderly couple who escaped punishment, and what was their reward?
THE TOWN WAS TURNED INTO A SWAMP AND THE PEOPLE DROWNED
BAUCIS AND PHILEMON WHO BECAME GUARDS OF A TEMPLE AND TURNED INTO INTERTWINING TREES
What is the modern equivalent of a praetor?
Bonus: What about a quaestor?
JUDGE
TREASURER
Who had to go on pushing a rock up a hill ad infinitum in Hades?
Bonus: For what crime was he being punished?
SISYPHUS
CHEATING DEATH BY NOT RETURNING TO THE UNDERWORLD
Quis sum? Sum filia deae antiquae. Ambulabam in campis, ubi frater meae matris me cepit et me ad infernos duxit.
Bonus: Quis erat frater matris Proserpinae, qui puellam cepit?
PROSPERINA/PERSEPHONE
PLUTO
Quot sunt bis decem?
Bonus: Quot sunt quinquaginta minus viginti quinque plus tres?
VIGINTI
DUEDETRIGINTA
What degree of adjective would be used to express that something is very short?
Bonus: Translate into Latin: The story is very short.
SUPERLATIVE
FABULA EST BREVISSIMA
“The story is very short” is a statement of fact and uses a verb in the indicative mood. If Marcus said that the story was very short, however, what would be different about the verb “was”?
Bonus: Translate the sentence.
IT WOULD BE AN INFINITVE
MARCUS DIXIT FABULAM BREVISSIMAM ESSE
This god began stealing on the very day he was born. After taking cattle from Apollo, he killed a tortoise and created the lyre. Who was this swift footed son of Zeus who soon became a messenger of the gods?
Bonus: What is the name for the winged staff that Hermes often carries?
HERMES/MERCURY
CADUCEUS
In a Roman household, what was the special duty of a ianitor?
Bonus: What was the job of the paedogogus?
DOORKEEPER
TO ESCORT CHILDREN TO AND FROM SCHOOL
What creature often associated with Egypt had the body of a lion and the head of a human and sometimes wings?
Bonus: After answering her question correctly, who killed the sphinx that was tormenting Thebes?
SPHINX
OEDIPUS
What mood is used when action is seen as hypothetical, potential, or unreal?
Bonus: Name the tenses of the subjunctive.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, PERFECT, PLUPERFECT
Name the two possible uses of the subjunctive in the following sentence: Let us encourage one another to answer quickly.
HORTATORY AND INDIRECT COMMAND
Which emperor spent a number of years of his step-father’s reign on the island of Rhodes because of disaffection? After he had been emperor for a number of years, he chose a voluntary exile on the island of Capri.
Bonus: Who succeeded Tiberius?
TIBERIUS
CALIGULA
Give the present active imperatives (singular and plural) of fero.
Bonus: Give the four principal parts of that verb
FER, FERTE
FERO, FERRE, TULI, LATUM
Who am I? I was the king of Mycenae and was living contentedly until I had to go off to war. That was the beginning of my troubles. When I tried to set sail from Aulis, Artemis who was angry at me for a rash boast, would not let the wind stop blowing. She required the sacrifice of my daughter before she would let us sail. I agreed. After ten years at Troy, I finally got my brother’s wife back for him, but when I returned home, I was killed by my own wife.
Bonus: Who were Agamemnon’s daughter and wife, referred to above?
AGAMEMNON
IPHEGENA AND CLYTEMNESTRA
From what material were most togas and tunics made?
Bonus: What was the toga pulla?
WOOL
A TOGA OF DARK WOOL FOR THOSE IN THE MORNING
Translate the participle in the following sentence into Latin: The wounded general was being carried off the field.
Bonus: Translate the participle in this sentence: We saw an unusual animal sitting under the tree.
VULNERATUS
SEDENS
What mood of the verb occurs in this very question?
Bonus: Knowing that the Romans used the word modus, modi for mood, tell me how to say “what mood” in Latin.
INDICATIVE
QUI MODUS
Put the following four people in chronological order of their deaths: Cicero, Tiberius, Augustus, Julius Caesar.
Bonus: In what year did Augustus die?
J, C A, T
14 AD
What mortal woman hanged herself after Athena destroyed her weaving in a fit of rage?
Bonus: What had made Athena so angry about the tapestry?
ARACHNE
IT DEPICTED THE CRIMES OF THE GODS
Romans told time by using sundials and seasonal hours. How long was a seasonal hour?
Bonus: Romans used clepsydrae to tell time at night. What were these?
1/12 OF THE DAYLIGHT
WATER CLOCKS
We’ll start off with some easy (but maybe strange) questions. What two Latin cases rhyme in every syllable?
Bonus: Give the locative form of Rome.
LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE
ROMAE
What is the name given to the gods who preceded the Olympians?
Bonus: What two Titans gave birth to the Olympians?
TITANS
CRONUS AND RHEA
What was Rome’s first non-peninsular conquest, an island acquired as a result of the First Punic War?
Bonus: Hannibal’s taking of Saguntum provoked the Second Punic War. In what country was Saguntum?
SICILY
SPAIN
From what Latin verb (give all four principal parts) with what meaning is our adjective “perfect” derived?
Bonus: What does the word “pluperfect” literally mean?
PERFICIO, PERFICERE, PERFECI, PERFECTUM- TO FINISH, COMPLETE
MORE COMPLETE
Who was the son of Agenor who founded Thebes and peopled the city with men who sprang from dragon’s teeth?
Bonus: What had been the sign to Cadmus to found the city where he did?
Bonus 2: In what region of Greece was Thebes located?
CADMUS
HE HAD BEEN INSTRUCTED BY AN ORACLE TO FOUND A CITY WHERE A CERTAIN COW LAY DOWN
BOEOTIA
Who were the members of the Second Triumvirate?
Bonus: Who was the first of this group to die, and what was the cause of his death?
ANTONY, OCTAVIAN, AND LEPIDUS
ANTONY; SUICIDE
One of the more expensive clothing dyes took its name from the Phoenician city of Tyre. What color was this dye?
Bonus: From where in nature did this dye come?
PURPLE OR RED
SHELLFISH/MUREX
How many tenses of the infinitive exist?
Bonus: Give the three active infinitives of the verb amare.
3
AMARE, AMAVISSE, AMATURUS ESSE
Opposites are fun! Brevis is to longus as bellum is to this.
Bonus: How about this one, a little harder: brevior is to longior as melior is to this.
PAX
PEIOR
Since we are speaking of calendars, tell me what Roman magistrate reformed the Roman calendar and instituted the use of the Egyptian solar year for 45 B.C.?
Bonus: How many days were in the Roman year after the Julian reform?
JULIUS CAESAR
365
The Caucasus mountains lie between the Black and Caspian seas. Whom did Zeus order to be chained to these mountains as a punishment for his stealing fire from Olympus to give to man?
Bonus: On the far western edge of the Black Sea was Colchis. What sorceress was the daughter of the king of this land?
PROMETHEUS
MEDEA
Give the 1st person plural, present active subjunctive of tempto, temptare.
Bonus: Give the 1st person plural, present subjunctive of conor, conari.
TEMPTEMUS
CONEMUR
Translate the verb of the following sentence into Latin. “Marcus, you and Sextus ought not to play near the river.”
Bonus: Translate the subject of the sentence into good Latin.
DEBETIS
SEXTUS ET TU
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus is not known to us for many great political feats, but rather we think of him as the man who stayed at home and took the omens in order to frustrate the legislation of 59 B.C. when he was consul with what other man?
Bonus: How did the Romans mockingly refer to the year 59 B.C.
JULIUS CAESAR
THE CONSULSHIP OF JULIUS AND CAESAR
Taking some grammar from the previous question, how does one say “at home” in Latin?
Bonus: We said that Bibulus stayed home and took the omens in order to frustrate Caesar’s legislation. What Latin word would translate “in order to,” and what type of clause does it introduce.
DOMI
UT PURPOSE CLAUSE
What preventive step did a newly married man take in ancient Rome to ensure that his marriage started out on the right foot?
Bonus: What animal was usually sacrificed at a Roman wedding?
HE CARRIED HIS BRIDE OVER HIS SHOULDER TO PREVENT HER FROM STUMBLING
A PIG
Homer knew only one, but Hesiod fixed the number of Muses at nine. Name them.
Bonus: Who was the Muses’ mother?
CLIO, URANIA, THALIA, TERPSICHORE, CALLIOPE, MELPOMENE, EUTERPE, ERATO, POLYHYMNIA
MNEMOSYNE
Give the three comparative forms of bonus, bona, bonum.
Bonus: Give the comparative forms of malus, mala, malum.
MELIOR, MELIOR, MELIUS
PEIOR, PEIOR, PEIUS
Congratulations on making it to the final round of this certamen. Please say “of this certamen” in Latin.
Bonus 1: Please make those same words genitive plural.
Bonus 2: Now make those words accusative plural.
HUIUS CERTAMINIS
HORUM CERTAMINIUM
HAEC CERTAMINA
Who was placed among the stars at her death, a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere along with her husband Perseus?
Bonus 1: What did Perseus do in order to gain Andromeda’s hand in marriage?
Bonus 2: As a result of whose boasting had the sea monster for which Andromeda was supposed to be a sacrifice been sent?
ANDROMEDA
HE KILLED A SEA MONSTER TO WHICH ANDROMEDA WAS SUPPOSED TO BE SACRIFICED
CASSIOPEIA/HER MOTHER
Near what extensive second century AD construction does one find Vindolanda, a Roman camp in Britain?
Bonus 1: What emperor (known for erecting a famous column in Rome) did Hadrian succeed?
Bonus 2: What emperor succeeded Hadrian and earned his title acknowledging filial devotion by securing the deification of his adoptive father?
HOADRIAN’S WALL
TRAJAN
ANTONINUS PIUS
Normally comprising between 4000 and 6000 men, what was the largest division of the Roman army during the late Republic?
Bonus 1: Into how many cohorts was a legion divided?
Bonus 2: Into how many centuries was a cohort divided?
LEGION
10
6
Which of the following adjectives is not in the superlative degree: optimus, primus, similis, celerrimus?
Bonus 1: Give the superlative of similis.
Bonus 2: Give the superlative of nobilis.
SIMILIS
SIMILLIMUS
NOBILISSIMUS
Give the principal parts of the verb used as the passive of facio, facere, feci factum.
Bonus 1: Give the third person plural future indicative of fio.
Bonus 2: Now change that to imperfect subjunctive.
FIO, FIERI, FACTUS SUM
FIENT
FIERENT
In the late 4th century A.D., the emperor Theodosius put a stop to what games, which had begun in 776 B.C.?
Bonus 1: The original contest in the Olympics was the stadion. What was the stadion?
Bonus 2: What was the original prize awarded in the Olympic games?
THE OLYMPIC GAMES
A SPRINT OF 200 METERS
AN OLIVE WREATH
Theodosius stopped the Olympic games in A.D. 393, but what earlier emperor, often said to be the first Christian emperor, had put an end to gladiatorial combats because they were too bloodthirsty?
Bonus 1: What famous battle in A.D. 312 established Constantine’s supremacy?
Bonus 2: What sign with what Latin words did Constantine claim to have seen prior to this battle?
CONSTANTINE
THE BATTLE OF MULVIAN BRIDGE
A CROSS, IN HOC SIGNO VINCES
What is the meaning of the verb form vis?
Bonus 1: What is the meaning of the noun vis?
Bonus 2: Give the nominative plural of vis and its meaning.
YOU WISH/WANT
FORCE/MIGHT
VIRES, TROOPS/RESOURCES
October 13th, 54 B.C. marked the death of what stuttering emperor whose greatest achievement had been the conquest of Britain ten years earlier?
Bonus 1: Some say that Claudius’ wife poisoned him in order to make room for her son to come to the throne. Who was this son?
Bonus 2: Claudius died before his own son reached manhood, and thus his adopted son Nero became emperor. Who was this natural son, named after his father’s territorial conquests, who died shortly after Nero began to rule?
CLAUDIUS
NERO
BRITANNICUS
What many headed, serpentine child of Gaia rebelled against Zeus and defeated him when the two at first fought hand to hand?
Bonus 1: What weapon did Zeus use the second time to defeat Typhon?
Bonus 2: What horrible wife of Typhon produced monsters such as the hydra, the sphinx, and the chimera?
TYPHON/TYPHAEUS
THUNDERBOLTS
ECHIDNA
My Introduction to Latin students were learning colors recently and came across the sentence “Tecta sunt rubra.” Why were Roman roofs often red?
Bonus 1: Travertine was a fine building stone, but it became less prominent during the reign of Augustus. What building material replaced travertine?
Bonus 2: Opus caementicium consists of hydraulic mortar laid in alternate courses with aggregate, and it allows for the construction of vaulted chambers on a large scale. What is its more common name.
THE TILES WERE MADE OF RED CLAY
MARBLE
CONCRETE
A cum clause indicating cause or circumstance will usually require a verb in what mood?
Bonus 1: Put mitto, mittere, misi, missum in the 1st person plural present subjunctive
Bonus 2: Translate the independent subjunctive mittamus.
SUBJUNCTIVE
MITTAMUS
LET US SEND
Translate into English: Romam quam Athenas ire malumus.
Bonus: Say in Latin, “We do not wish to live in Athens.”
WE PREFER TO GO TO ROME RATHER THAN ATHENS
ATHENIS HABITARE NOLUMUS
Who was the first enemy of the Romans to introduce them to elephants?
Bonus 1: What was the name of his kingdom?
Bonus 2: Pyrrhus is the eponym of our expression “Pyrrhic victory.” What is a Pyrrhic victory?
PYRRHUS
EPIRUS
A VICTORY WITH STAGGERING LOSSES
Quam is a versatile word in Latin. It can be a pronoun or an adverb with several meanings. What does quam indicate when it is used in conjunction with a superlative?
Bonus 1: What does quam most likely mean when used with a comparative?
Bonus 2: When comparing words, in what three cases must one use quam rather than the ablative of comparison?
AS…AS POSSIBLE
THAN
GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ABLATIVE
What witch turned many of Odysseus’s men into swine before he frightened her into restoring them to human form?
Bonus 1: What god warned Odysseus of Circe’s wiles before he entered her palace?
Bonus 2: Before Odysseus left her island, Circe warned him to avoid what monstrous pair?
CIRCE
HERMES/MERCURY
SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS
The acanthus plant appears atop columns of what order?
Bonus 1: What Classical style does the Parthenon exhibit?
Bonus 2: If an Ionic column is fluted, what does fluted mean?
CORINTHIAN
DORIC
DECORATED WITH GROOVES
When recognized, perform the following command. Te sedente in menso scriptorio, dic Anglice “Finis.”
Bonus 1: Omnibus stantibus, ponite manus super auribus.
Bonus 2: What type of phrase is omnibus stantibus?
SIT ON SAY “THE END”
ALL STAND AND PLACE THEIR HANDS ABOVE THEIR EARS
AN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
In order, what were the three periods of Roman government?
Bonus 1: Who were the first and last kings of Rome?
Bonus 2: Who was the first emperor of Rome?
MONARCHY, REPUBLIC, EMPIRE
ROMULUS, TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS
AUGUSTUS
Today, you must answer the certamen questions carefully. Using an ablative of manner, say “carefully.”
Bonus 1: What is the top honor for a college graduate?
Bonus 2: What is the Latin phrase for a graduate’s school?
CUM CURA
SUMMA CUM LAUDE
ALMA MATER
Jupiter was well-known for his many affairs. What woman did Jupiter turn into a cow to protect her from his jealous wife?
Bonus 1: Whom did Juno send to watch over Io?
Bonus 2: What god was sent to kill Argus?
IO
ARGUS
MERCURY
What Britney Spears song would the Romans have called: “Heu, iterum id feci?”
Bonus 1: What about Destiny’s Child’s song: “Dic meum nomen.”?
Bonus 2: What Bob Marley song was: “Nulla femina, noli flere.”?
OOPS, I DID IT AGAIN
SAY MY NAME
NO WOMAN, NO CRY
What modern country did the Romans call “Helvetia?”
Bonus: What was the Roman name for France?
SWITZERLAND
GALLIA
Translate the relative pronoun in this sentence. Those were the boys whose team won.
Bonus 1: Translate the relative in this sentence: Here is the girl whom you indicated.
Bonus 2: Translate the relative in this sentence: Where are the men to whom you gave food?
QUORUM
QUAM
QUIBUS
“One hand washes the other.” What is the simple Latin phrase that translates this English cliché?
Bonus 1: What is the Latin expression that urges us to “seize the moment?”
Bonus 2: What Roman poet coined the phrase above?
QUID PRO QUO
CARPE DIEM
HORACE
Put the participle in the following sentence into Latin: Walking down the street, I noticed all the flowers.
Bonus 1: Do the same for the participle in this sentence: He was about to walk down the street.
Bonus 2: Do the same for the participle in this sentence: I opened the letter sent by my father.
AMBULANS
AMBULATURUS
MISSAS
What country was Rome’s enemy in the 3 Punic wars?
Bonus 1: What famous queen of Carthage loved Aeneas?
Bonus 2: What famous Carthaginian almost defeated Rome in the second Punic War?
CARHTAGE
DIDO
HANNIBAL
Prince Georges County’s motto is “semper eadem.” What does this motto mean?
Bonus 1: Translate the demonstrative in this sentence: I asked him not to do that.
Bonus 2: Translate the demonstrative in this sentence: Puer haec dixit.
ALWAYS THE SAME
ILLUD
THESE THINGS
Give the 3rd pl. fut. act ind. of the verb “to hear.”
Bonus 1: Make “audient” perfect active.
Bonus 2: Make “audiverunt” passive.
AUDIENT
AUDIVERUNT
AUDITI SUNT
What does it mean if a task is “Herculean?”
Bonus 1: What hero sought the golden fleece?
Bonus 2: What hero killed Medusa?
IS IT VERY DIFFUCULT?
JASON
PERSEUS
What famous Roman prisoner led a slave revolt as a result of being forced to be a gladiator and fight friends?
Bonus 1: What word was branded onto a runaway slave’s forehead when he was found?
Bonus 2: What was the name of Cicero’s slave who created the first system of shorthand?
SPARTACUS
FUGITIVUS
TIRO
