Lesson 9 - School and Culture Flashcards
What are the 2 approaches to learning?
Constructivist and Direct Instruction
What is the constructivist approach?
It’s one of the 2 approaches to learning.
Learner centred.
Individuals actively construct their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Children are encouraged to explore, discover, reflect, and think critically with the monitoring guidance of the teacher.
Emphasis on collaboration
What is the direct instruction approach?
It’s one of the 2 approaches to learning.
Teacher-centred.
Teacher directs and controls the learning.
The goal is to maximize student learning time.
What is the develomentally appropriate practice?
- Play-based learning
- Appreciate the individual needs of each child
- Education focuses on typical developmental patterns and uniqueness (age-appropirate + individual-appropriate)
What are the desired outcomes of developmentally appropriate practice?
- Critical thinking
- Cooperative work
- Problem solving
- Self-regulatory skills
- Learning enjoyment
What are the challenges for students when transitioning to high school?
- Students’ academic motivation and engagement can drop
- Disruption of friendships
- Other changes happening in the family, in the individual as well as school
- Top-dog phenomenon
What are the positive aspects of the transition to high school?
- Students feel grown up
- Have more selection of subjects
- More opportunities to spend time with peers and have compatible friends
- Enjoy increased independence from direct parental monitoring
Which students might have a harder time transitioning to high school?
Students who perceive themselves as lacking control and efficacy to meet new academic challenges.
Students who don’t have good relationships with teachers (no warmth and high levels of conflict)
What are the barriers to education?
- Access to nutritious meals
- Financial stability
- Lack of educational resources and support
- Transportation difficulties
- Language
- Stressful life events
What are ways to reduce the dropout rate?
- Programs involving regular check-ins with trusted adults and mentoring programs
- Creation of caring environments and friendships
- Offer community service opportunities
- Early detection of children’s school-related difficulties
- Getting children engaged with school in a positive way
What are learning disabilities?
Disorders that affect an individual’s acquisition, organization, retention, understanding or use of verbal or nonverbal information.
Result of neurobiological factors that impact brain-functioning in a way that affects processes related to learning.
Not the same as intellectual deficiency.
What is dyslexia?
Learning disability.
Difficulty reading and spelling
What dysgraphia?
Learning disability.
Difficulty in handwriting. May write slowly, spelling errors because of their inability to match up sounds and letters.
What is discalculia?
Learning disability.
Difficulty in math computation.
What is ADHD?
Disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following chracteristics over a period of time:
- Inattention
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsivity
Most prevalent childhood disorder in Canada
- Difficulty with executive function tasks
- Deficits in theory of mind
How can we diagnose ADHD?
They can be diagnosed with predominantly:
- Inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity or both
4-9x more in boys
Controversy about the increased disagnosis in ADHD: more awareness or incorrect diagnosis???
What are the causes of ADHD?
- Likely to inherit from parents
- Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development
- Cigarette and alcohol exposure in prenatal development
- High level of maternal stress and low birth weight
How can we treat ADHD?
- Medication to improve attention
- Intervention to reduce behavioural problems
- Both is usually more helpful
- Yoga, mindfulness, meditation
What is neurodiversity?
Variability of human brains in regard to sociability, learning, attention, mood, other mental functions. Natural
What is the neurodiverse perspective?
Focuses on differences rather than deficits in brain functions of individuals.
Some disorders bring strengths and weaknesses.
Why is it good to embrace neurodiversity in education?
It teaches students about the adaptability of their brains.
What is the influence of educations regarding learning disabilities and neurodivergence?
- Empathy, warmth, positive affect are related to positive student outcomes
- Quality of relationship teacher-student = academic achievement
- Emotional support from teachers are associated with a child’s emotional development and prosocial behaviour, and better stress regulation
What are cross-cultural studies?
Studies that compare a culture with one or more other cultures, provide information about other culture and examine the role of culture in a children’s development.
What are the 2 types of culture?
Individualism and collectivism
