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EDPE 208 Final > Lesson 1 - Developmental Theories Part 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Developmental Theories Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major perspective of the theory of child development?

A

Biological Perspective
Psychodynamic Approaches
Learning Perspective
Cognitive-Developmental Persepective
Contextual Perspective

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.

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3
Q

Which factors influence healthy development?

A

Health and Wellbeing
Parenting
Education

+Socio-Cultural Contexts
Culture
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic Status
Gender

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4
Q

What are the 3 key processes that interact to shape human development?

A

Biological Processes
Cognitive Processes
Socioemotional Processes

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5
Q

How do biological processes influence development?

A

The changes in an individual’s body, such as genes, motor skills, hormonal changes.

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6
Q

How do Cognitive Processes influence development?

A

Changes in an individual’s thinking, intelligence, and language skills such as memory, perspective-taking, imagination

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7
Q

How do socioemotional processes influence development?

A

Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions

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8
Q

What are the 5 periods of development?

A

Prenatal Period
Infancy
Early Childhood
Middle and Late Childhood
Adolescence

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9
Q

Describe the prenatal period of development.

A

The time from conception to birth.
Single cell grows into fetus and then a baby.

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10
Q

Describe the infancy period of development.

A

The developmental period from birth to 18 to 24 months.
Dependence on adults
Many psychological activities are just beginning: coordination of sensations, ability to speak, and ability to imitate others.

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11
Q

Describe the early childhood period of development.

A

The developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to 5-6 years old.
Sometimes called the preschool years.
Become more sufficient
Develop school readiness; spend many hours in play and with peers.
Self-regulation develops with support

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12
Q

Describe the Middle and Late Childhood period of development.

A

The developmental period from 6 to 11 years old.
Sometimes called the elementary school years.
Fundamental skills: reading, writing, arithmetic, and are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
Self-regulation increases.

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13
Q

Describe the adolescence period of development.

A

The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, from 11-12 to 18-19.
Begins with rapid physical changes.
Pursuit of independence and identity.
More time spent outside the family with peers.
Thought becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical.

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Developmental psychologists believe change ends with adolescence.

A

FALSE.
Today, developmental psychologists do not believe change ends with adolescence.
Development is a lifelong process.

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15
Q

What is Nature vs Nurture?

A

Whether the development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture.
Dynamic interplay between nature and nurture in development.

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16
Q

Nature vs Nurture.
What does nature mean?

A

The biological inheritance.
Individuals who are high/low in a characteristic will remain so at later stages. (born with it)

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17
Q

Nature vs Nurture.
What does nurture mean?

A

The environmental experiences.
Change is possible and likely if new experiences support it.

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Nature vs Nurture.
Biological inheritance is the only factor that affects development.

A

FALSE. Dynamic interplay between nature and nurture in development.

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19
Q

What is continuity and discontinuity?

A

Whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.

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20
Q

Continuity and Discontinuity.
What is Continuity?

A

Development is a gradual change, quantitative

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21
Q

Continuity and Discontinuity.
What is Discontinuity?

A

Development is in stages, qualitative.

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22
Q

What is stability and change?

A

What is the extent of what we inherit is changeable?
What events at what age have the greatest impact on long-term developmental outcomes?
Early experiences and later experiences.

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23
Q

What are the issues in development?

A

Nature and Nurture
Continuity and Discontinuity.
Stability and Change

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24
Q

What is a theory?

A

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions.

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25
What is a hypothesis?
Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.
26
What is the purpose of an hypothesis?
Testing a hypothesis can inform researchers whether a theory is likely to be accurate.
27
What are the 5 theoretical perspectives of development?
Biological Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective Learning Perspective Cognitive-Developmental Perspective Contextual Perspective
28
Who has a biological perspective?
Lorenz - Ethological Theory
29
What's the Ethological Theory?
It's a biological perspective of development by Lorenz. It states that the first year of life is a sensitive period for the development of social relationships.
30
Definition of Ethology. (Lorenz)
Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is chracterized by critical or sensitive periods.
31
Definition of Critical Period (Lorenz)
The time frame during which the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence on individuals.
32
What is Imprinting? (Lorenz)
Innate learning within a limited period of time that involves attachement to the first mvoing object seen.
33
What is Bowlby's theory on biological perspective of development?
In humans, attachment to a caregiver during the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.
34
Who has a psychodynamic perspective of development?
Freud and Erikson
35
What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory of development? (explain)
It is composed of 5 stages (oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage) during birth to puberty. Personality is shaped in the first 5 years of life (early experiences matter)
36
What are psychoanalytic theories?
Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)
37
Libido definition (freud)
Humans are born with an instinctive energy that motivates them to experience physical pleasure. - shifts from different parts of the body
38
What is a psychoanalysis?
It's Freud's psychological theory and his method of treatment for unresolved conflict.
39
What is Freud's theory of personality?
There are components of personality Id: source of biological needs/desires Ego: practical, rational part of personality Superego: moral self/develops later (3-5 y-o)
40
What are the criticism of Freud's theory?
- Overemphasized sexual instincts and too much credit to the unconscious mind - Lack of scientific support for his theory - Lack of emphasis on culture and environmental experiences
41
What is Erikson's psychosocial theory?
8 stages, and at each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Personality is shaped throguhout the lifespan (later experiences matter)
42
What are Erikson's stages in his psychosocial theory of development?
Trust vs Mistrust: first year Antonomy vs Shame and Doubt: 1-3 Initiative vs Guilt: Early Childhood Industry vs Inferiority: Middle-Late Childhood Identity vs Identity Confusion: Adolescence Intimacy vs Isolation: Early Adulthood Generativity vs Stagnation: Middle Adulthood Integrity vs Despair: Late adulthood
43
What is the emphasis of Freud's psychosexual theory of development?
Emphasis on psychosexual stages. Motivation for human behavior is sexual
44
What is the emphasis of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Emphasis on psychosocial stages Motivation for human behavior is social
45
Which of Freud or Erikson thinks that the early experiences matter most in development?
Freud. Personality is shaped in the first 5 years of life (early experiences matter)
46
Who has a learning perspective on development?
Pavlov and Watson Skinner Bandura
47
What is Pavlov and Watson's theory of development?
Classical Conditioning
48
What is the theory of classical conditioning?
It's learning by association. A neutral stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus. Pavlov's dog experiment
49
What is Pavlov's dog experiment?
The unconditioned stimulus is food. The unconditioned response is salivating. The neutral stimulus is the conditioned stimulus, a bell. The conditioned response is salivating. Before, the dog was salivating when food was presented. There was no response when a bell rang. During the conditioning, the dog was presented food while a bell was ringing. After conditioning, the dog responded to a bell ringing by salivating, which is the conditioned response.
50
What did Watson do differently for his classical conditioning theory?
He did classical conditioning in human beings.
51
What is the Little Albert Experiment?
It's Watson's classical conditioning experiment. Unconditioned stimulus: loud noise Unconditioned response: fear (the baby was crying) Neutral stimulus: conditioned stimulus: showing a rat Conditioned response: fear of a rat
52
What is Skinner's theory of development?
Operant conditioning
53
What is the theory of Operant Conditioning
By Skinner. A type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. The consequences of a behaviour determine the future probability of the behavior. (reinforced behavior = repeated. Punished behavior = not repeated)
54
What is a reinforcement? Skinner
It increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Positive: reward (smile, snack, money, praise) Negative: using something unpleasant to encourage behavior (do your homework and you won't have to do the dishes)
55
What is a punishment? Skinner
A response from the environment that decreases the likelihood a behavior will continue. Positive: Something is given to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (making someone study bc they did poorly on a test) Negatve: Something is taken away (take away a toy bc you got in a fight)
56
What is the difference between a postive reinforcement and a positive punishement?
A positive reinforcement is by giving something to increase behavior. A positive punishment is giving something to decrease behavior.
57
What is the difference between a negative reinforcement and a negative punishement?
A negative reinforcement is taking away something to increase behavior. A negative punishment is taking away something to decrease behavior.
58
What is Bandura's theory of development?
Social Cognitive Theory
59
What is the Social Cognitive Theory
By Bandura. It emphasizes the interplay between behavior, environment and cognition. It forms a triangle with those 3 aspects. Observational Learning
60
What is observational learning (Bandura)
Learning that occurs through observing what others do.
61
What are the factors that influence the likelihood of someone imitating the behavior of someone else with observational learning? (Bandura)
- Who the person is (admiration) - Rewards

EDPE 208 Final (13 decks)

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