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EDPE 208 Final > Lesson 2 - Developmental Theories Part 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - Developmental Theories Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development?

A

The stages of cognitive development

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2
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

A

Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

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3
Q

What are the 4 elements describing Piaget’s theory?

A

Piaget: The stages of cognitive development

  • Children build mental structures that help us adapt to the world
  • Children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
  • Children are viewed as little scientists who develop and revise theories with experience
  • 4 stages in cognitive development
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4
Q

Piaget. Definition of Schemes

A

Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

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5
Q

What happens during infancy according to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Children have behavioral schemes (looking, grasping, sucking)

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6
Q

What happens during childhood according to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Children have mental schemes (problem-solving)
Ex.: A 5 y-o would have a scheme that makes them classify objects by size. (mental scheme)

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7
Q

Piaget. Definition of Assimilation

A

Using existing schemes to understand the world.

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8
Q

Piaget. Definition of Accommodation

A

Creating or adjusting new schemes to fit new information and experiences.

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9
Q

Piaget. How do children organize their schemes?

A

Schemes are developed and modified. Schemes are connected through the process of organization

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10
Q

Piaget. Definition of Organization

A

Children are connecting their schemes as they develop.

Organization is the creation of a higher-order cognitive system.

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11
Q

Piaget. Definition of Equilibrium

A

A state of cognitive balance where new information is comfortably incorporated using existing schemes.

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12
Q

Piaget. Definition of disequilibrium

A

A state of cognitive discomfort that occurs when new information cannot be understood using existing schemes.

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13
Q

Piaget. Definition of Equilibration

A

The process of reorganizing schemes to resolve disequilibrium in trying to understand the world.

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14
Q

According to Piaget, which process explains the shift from one stage of thought to the next?

A

Equilibration.
Reorganizing schemes to resolve disequilibrium.

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15
Q

What are the processes of Cognitive Development that Piaget uses?

A

Schemes.
Assimilation, Accommodation and Organization.
Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, and Equilibration.

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16
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational Thought
  3. Concrete Operational Thought
  4. Formal Operational Thought
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17
Q

What are the approximate ages for each of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor: birth to 2 y-o
Preoperational Thought: 2-6 y-o
Concrete Operational Thought: 7-11 y-o
Formal Operational Thought: Adolescence +

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

Infant’s knowledge of the world is based on sense and motor skills.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the preoperational thought stage of cognitive development?

A

Child learns how to use symbols like words and numbers to represent aspects of the world.
Child relates to the world only through his or her perspective.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the concrete operational thought stage of cognitive development?

A

Child understands and applies logical operations to experiences.
Child can classify objects into different sets.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development?

A

Adolescent or adults think abstractly, speculate on hypothetical situations, and reason deductively about what may be possible.

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22
Q

What is Object Permanence?

A

Understanding that objects exist independently of oneself and one’s actions.

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23
Q

When do children have an object permanence?

A

Sensorimotor stage.

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24
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

Seeing the world primarily from the perspective of self rather than of other people.
Children assume their perspective or view is the only one.

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25
When do children have an egocentrism perspective?
During the preoperational thought stage. (2-6 y-o)
26
What is centration?
Children focus their attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. Narrowly focused thought. Children think that there's not the same quantity of liquid when it's poured into a container of a different shape.
27
When does centration happen?
During the preoperational thought stage (2-6 y-o)
28
When is centration achieved in children?
During the concrete operational satge
29
What is classification?
The ability to classify things and consider relationships. Understands relationships among sets and subsets.
30
When is classification developed?
During the concrete operational stage (7-11)
31
What is seriation? (classification)
Ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length) If they order sticks from small to big, they developed seriation
32
What is transitivity? (classification)
Principle that if a relation holds between a first object and a second object, and holds between the second object and the third object, then it holds between the first and third object. If A is longer than B, and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C.
33
What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
The role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development. Cognitive development depends on tools provided by society, and our minds are shaped by the cultural context in which we live. - Children are social beings. - Children develop their way of thinking through social interaction.
34
What's similar between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?
They both think children actively construct their world.
35
Vygotsky. What does Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP) mean?
It's a range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from a more skilled individual.
36
How does the Zone of Proximal Development work?
It's built like a spectrum with a lower and an upper limit. Lower limit is what a child can do on its own. Upper limit is what a child can do with the help of someone.
37
Vygotsky. What is scaffolding?
When a more knowledgeable person provides support to the child and adjusts the support as the child becomes more skilled. It's giving help but no more than what the child needs.
38
How does the Zone of Proximal Development help with Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?
As children experience verbal instruction or demonstration, they organize the information in their existing mental structures so that they can eventually perform the skill or task alone.
39
How can you transfer cognitive skills to the child with scaffolding?
- verbal - modelling - preview the learning materials - using visual display - peer collaboration
40
Vygotsky. How is Language and Thought important in his theory?
Children use language to solve problems and they plan and guide what they want to do by speaking. They start with an external private speech that turns into internal speech as they grow up. They use language to motivate themselves.
41
What is the private external speech in language and thought according to Vygotsky?
Comments directed towards the self that help children regulate their own behavior. They use it more with difficult tasks or when making mistakes.
42
What is the inner speech in language and thought according to Vygotsky?
The internalization of private speech. It occurs when children use thoughts to guide their learning and behavior.
43
When does the transition between private external speech and inner speech happen?
From 3 to 7 years old.
44
What is information-processing theory?
The logical operations carried out by computers might tell us something about how the human mind works.
45
Why would the information-processing theory be considered?
The human mind is similar to a computer. We manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Our capacity to process information increases over time. Perceive-encode-represent-strore-retrieve information.
46
Who thinks that thinking is information processing?
Robert Siegler.
47
Who came up with the ecological theory?
Bronfenbrenner.
48
What is the ecological theory?
The development is done with various environmental influences. The environment is a series of embedded interactive systems. He emphasizes that environmental factors.
49
What are the 5 interactive systems in our environment?
1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem
50
What is the microsystem?
Innermost level of the environment that influences the person's immediate environment (parents, teachers, peers, school)
51
What is the mesosystem?
Connections among microsystems that foster development. (experiences at school or with family)
52
What is the exosystem?
Contexts not including the developing person that affect their microsystem and mesosystem experiences. (a parent's workplace)
53
What is the macrosystem?
Includes a culture's laws, values and customs (culture we live in. Ex.: living in a culture that creates space for extended family won't give you the same experiences)
54
What is the chronosystem?
Changes that occur over time and influence the direction development takes. (Covid-19)
55
What is meant by "The ecological system is bi-directional"?
The child influences their environment just as they are influenced by it.
56
What are the criticisms about the ecological theory?
There's not enough emphasis on cognitive factors, like with Piaget and Vygotsky. So, it is difficult to apply it to research.
57
TRUE OR FALSE. Development in different domains is connected.
TRUE
58
TRUE OR FALSE. Development is only influenced by heredity.
FALSE. Development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.
59
TRUE OR FALSE. Early development is related perfectly to later development.
FALSE. Early development is related to later development, but not perfectly.
60
TRUE OR FALSE. There are many different theories that explain child development.
TRUE

EDPE 208 Final (13 decks)

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