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Anatomy and Physiology I Lab > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that function to transmit electrical impulses

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2
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that support the neurons

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

composed of the nerves that leave the CNS

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5
Q

astrocyte

A

most abundant CNS neuroglia

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6
Q

microglial cells

A

defensive cells in the CNS

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7
Q

ependymal cells

A

line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

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8
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

have processes that form myelin sheaths around the CNS nerve fibers

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9
Q

satellite cells and Schwann cells

A

form myelin, surround neurons in the PNS

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10
Q

soma

A

the neuron’s cell body

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

tapered structure between the soma and axon, important for producing the action potential

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12
Q

dendrites

A

processes that conduct electrical impulses towards the soma, usually receives a signal from another cell

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13
Q

axon

A

process that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma

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14
Q

axon/synaptic terminal

A

found at the end of an axon

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15
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap found between the axon of one neuron and the target cell

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16
Q

neuroplasma

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

neurofibrils

A

cytoskeleton elements

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18
Q

nissl bodies

A

chromatophilic substance
- rough endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

neuroglia are important for neuron function because: (2)

A
  • produce myelin to insulate axons
  • form nodes of Ranvier, which help propagate and increase action potential
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20
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one very short process dividing into peripheral and central process from the soma

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21
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes attached to the soma

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22
Q

multipolar neuron

A

many dendrites and one axon attached to a soma

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23
Q

sensory/afferent neurons

A

neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, usually unipolar, contains sensory fibers

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24
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

neurons carrying impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands, usually multipolar, contains motor fibers

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25
Q

interneurons

A

connects neurons in the sensory and motor pathways

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26
Q

mixed nerves

A

contains both sensory and motor fibers (spinal nerves)

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27
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds each nerve fibers

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28
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds a group of nerve fibers to form fascicles

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29
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds a group of fascicles

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30
Q

somatic

A

voluntary muscle movements

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31
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary; subdivisons are the sympathetic and parasympathetic

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32
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon
- cerebrum, diencephalon
- thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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33
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon
- midbrain, brain stem

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34
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon
- cerebellum, brain stem, and medulla oblongata

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35
Q

the prosencephalon splits into the _____ and _____

A

telencephalon, diencephalon

36
Q

the rhombencephalon splits into the _____ and _____

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

37
Q

the telencephalon develops into the…..

A

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres

38
Q

the diencephalon develops into….. (4)

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
retina

39
Q

the mesencephalon develops into…..

A

midbrain of the brain stem

40
Q

the metencephalon develops into…. (2)

A

the pons of the brainstem and the cerebellum

41
Q

the myelencephalon develops into…..

A

the medulla oblongata of the brainstem

42
Q

the telencephalon has which neural canal region?

A

the lateral ventricles

43
Q

the diencephalon has which neural canal region?

A

the third ventricle

44
Q

the mesencephalon has which neural canal region?

A

cerebral aqueduct

45
Q

the metencephalon and myelencephalon have which neural canal region?

A

the fourth ventricle

46
Q

the spinal cord has which neural canal region?

A

the central canal

47
Q

prefrontal cortex - function and location

A

frontal lobe; intelligence, complex reasoning, personality

48
Q

primary motor cortex - function and location

A

precentral gyrus on the frontal lobe; responsible for conscious and voluntary movement

49
Q

primary somatosensory cortex - function and location

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe; receives sensory information

50
Q

somatosensory association cortex - function and location

A

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex; analyzes incoming stimuli for perception of a specific sensation

51
Q

primary visual cortex - function and location

A

very back of the occipital lobe; responsible for vision

52
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

53
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

54
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates the parietal and temporal lobes

55
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

56
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

57
Q

Wernicke’s area - function and location

A

junction or parietal and temporal lobes; language perception

58
Q

Broca’s area - function and location

A

base of prefrontal gyrus above the lateral sulcus; motor speech area

59
Q

Uncus - function and location

A

on the medial surface of the temporal lobe; olfactory area

60
Q

Wernicke and Broca’s areas are only in which hemisphere?

A

left, usually

61
Q

diencephalon characteristics (4)

A
  • olfactory bulbs and tracts
  • optic nerves, chiasma, and tracts
  • pituitary gland
  • mammillary bodies
62
Q

epithalamus structures (2)

A
  1. pineal body
  2. choroid plexus
63
Q

pineal body

A

neuroendocrine structure involved in biological rhythm (day/night) cycle

64
Q

thalamus

A

integration/relay sensory info to sensory cortex

65
Q

Damage to what area can cause a person to go into a vegetative state?

66
Q

vegetative state

A

clinical loss of cerebral cortex function, person can display wakefulness without awareness

67
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp, water balance, metabolism, etc.

68
Q

the top of the diencephalon is marked by the _____ _____

A

corpus callosum

69
Q

brain stem

A

connects cerebrum with lower CNS centers
- pons and medulla oblongata

70
Q

pons

A

motor and sensory tracts connecting the brain with the lower CNS centers

71
Q

medulla oblongata (3)

A
  • contains motor tracts from the cerebellum descending down the spinal cord
  • site of autonomic center that regulate heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure
  • involuntary centers for swallowing and vomiting
72
Q

cerebellum

A

muscle coordination, balance, and equilibrium

73
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter found in the cerebellum

74
Q

what happens when CSF is not drained as fast as it is produced?

A

the increased CSF compresses neural tissue and causes damage in adults

75
Q

hydrocephalus

A

when CSF doesn’t drain as fast as it is produced in infants; skull has fontanelles so it can expand to accomodate

76
Q

I. Olfactory

A

smell/sensory

77
Q

II. Optic

A

vision/sensory

78
Q

III. Oculomotor

A

eye movement, iris contraction, vision focus/motor

79
Q

IV. Trochlear

A

eye movement/motor

80
Q

V. Trigeminal

A

chewing, facial sensations/both

81
Q

VI. Abducens

A

eye movement/motor

82
Q

VII. Facial

A

facial expressions, taste/both

83
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

A

hearing, equilibrium/sensory

84
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal

A

speech, swallowing, taste/both

85
Q

X. Vagus

A

thoracic and abdominal viscera sensation; movement, speech, swallowing/both

86
Q

XI. Accessory

A

head/shoulder movement/both

87
Q

XII. Hypoglossal

A

tongue movement/motor

Anatomy and Physiology I Lab (14 decks)

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