Lesson 3 Flashcards
axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs
appendicular skeleton
limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
what do bone markings indicate? (3)
- where bones form joints
- where ligaments attach
- where blood vessels and nerves pass
what do bones form joints with? (3)
- other bones
- muscles
- tendons
bone marking: tuberosity
large, rounded projection; may be roughened
bone marking: crest
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
bone marking: trochanter
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
- only examples are on the femur
bone marking: line
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
bone marking: tubercle
small rounded projection or process
bone marking: epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
bone marking: spine
shape, slender, often pointed projection
bone marking: process
any bony prominence
bone marking: head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
bone marking: facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
bone marking: condyle
rounded articular projection
bone marking: ramus
armlike bar of bone
bone marking: groove
furrow (groove or depression)
bone marking: fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
bone marking: foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
bone marking: notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
bone markings that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment (8)
tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process
bone markings that help form joints (4)
head, facet, condyle, ramus
bone markings that are for passage of blood vessels or nerves (4)
groove, fissure, foramen, notch
bone marking: meatus
canal-like passageway
bone marking: sinus
bone cavity filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane
bone marking: fossa
shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
two basic bone classes
compact and spongy/cancellous
compact bone
smooth and homogenous
spongy/cancellous bone
has small trabeculae (bars) and lots of space
four major groups of bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
long bones
longer than they are wide, made mostly of compact bone
ex. femur
short bones
cube shaped, mostly spongy bone
ex. tarsals/carpals
flat bones
thin, two wafer-like layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between
ex. skull
irregular bones
irregular shaped bones
ex. vertebrae
long bone structures: epiphysis
end of bone (distal and proximal)
long bone structures: periosteum
covers the bone; SHarpey’s fibers from this penetrate the bone
long bone structures: articular cartilage
covers epiphyseal surface instead of the periosteum
long bone structures: epiphyseal plate
area of hyaline cartilage where longitudinal growth of bones occur
- seen as epiphyseal line in adults
long bone structures: endosteum
lines the shaft
long bone structures: medullary cavity
hollow central interior, contains yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow in infants
long bone structures: yellow bone marrow
composed of adipose tissue (fat cells)
long bone structures: red bone marrow
consists of immature red and white cells and stem cells, used to produce blood cells
compact bone: osteon (Haversian system)
central canal and all concentric lamellae with Haversian/central canal in the center
compact bone: Haversian/central canal
runs along the length of bone, carries blood, lymph vessels, and nerves
compact bone: canaliculus/canaliculi
ting canals radiating outward from the central canal; they connect at the central canal to small chambers in the lamellae called lacunae
compact bone: osteocytes
mature bones cells found inside lacunae
compact bone: lacunae
small chambers that ‘house’ mature bone cells
compact bone: perforating/Volkmann’s canals
canals that run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum
bone disorder: shin splints
- dull ache in shin
- pain is classified as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and the pain is caused by: inflammation of the periosteum or of the perforating fibers
- contributing factors include: mechanical factors, flat feet, inversion of feet with impact exercises
skeletal cartilage: articular
covers bone ends of movable joints
skeletal cartilage: costal
connecting ribs to sternum
skeletal cartilage: laryngeal
construct the larynx
skeletal cartilage: tracheal and bronchial
reinforce passageways of the respiratory system
skeletal cartilage: nasal
supports the nose
skeletal cartilage: intervertebral discs
cushion bones of the spine
three main types of cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
found in nasal, articular, costal, tracheal/bronchial
- most skeletal cartilages are composed of this type
elastic cartilage
only found in external ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage
found in cartilage at knee joint, pubic symphysis, intervertebral
Identify the types of bones and cartilage. Then, name cartilage after their locations.
Identify all the portions of the compact bone.
Identify all the portions of the long bone.
What type of bone are these?
Irregular, vertebrae
What type of bones are these?
Flat, skull
What type of bones are these?
short bones, tarsals
What types of bones are these?
Long bones, femur
articular
of, at, or relating to the joints of the body
