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Anatomy and Physiology I Lab > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of epithelial cells (5)

A
  1. cellularity and specialized contacts (membranes/special junctions)
  2. polarity - apical (top) and basal (bottom)
  3. supported by connective tissue (attached to basement membrane)
  4. avascularity (no blood vessels/nutrients need to diffuse to the epithelial tissue)
  5. regeneration (replacement of cells lost due to friction)
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2
Q

epithelia is classified by two criteria:

A
  1. basis of arrangement
    - or number of layers, as simple as 1 layer or stratified with multiple layers
  2. cell shape
    - such as squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar
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3
Q

simple squamous epithelium: function

A

allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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4
Q

simple squamous epithelium: location

A

kidney glomeruli, air sacks of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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5
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium: function

A

secretion and absorption

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6
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium: location

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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7
Q

simple columnar epithelium: function

A

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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8
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium: function

A

secretes substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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8
Q

simple columnar epithelium: location

A

nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands
ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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8
Q

stratified squamous epithelium: function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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8
Q

stratified squamous epithelium: location

A

nonkeratinized forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
keratinized forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

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8
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium: function

A

protection

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9
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium: location

A

largest ducts of the sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

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10
Q

stratified columnar epithelium: location

A

rare in the body
small amounts in the male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

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11
Q

transitional epithelium: function

A

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organs by contained urine

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12
Q

transitional epithelium: location

A

lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

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13
Q

connective tissue characteristics (3)

A
  1. usually have rich blood supply
  2. composed of many cell types
  3. has nonliving material (aka extracellular matrix) found between cells
    - the matrix is produced by cells and is composed of
    • ground substance: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
    • fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
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14
Q

connective tissue functions (3)

A
  1. protect tissues/organs
  2. support tissues/organs
  3. bind together other tissues
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15
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue
- differentiates to yield all adult connective tissues

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16
Q

loose connective tissue: areolar - function

A

cuchions/protects the body

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17
Q

loose connective tissue: adipose - function

A

fat
insulates body and is for food storage

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18
Q

loose connective tissue: reticular

A

fine collagen fibers

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19
Q

dense connective tissue - loaction: elastic

A

bronchial tubes, large arteries

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20
Q

dense connective tissue: regular

A

in tendons and ligaments

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21
Q

dense connective tissue - loaction: irregular

A

in dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract

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22
Q

embryonic connective tissue: function

A

gives rise to all other connective tissue types

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23
Q

embryonic connective tissue: location

A

primarily in the embryo

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24
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - areolar: function (4)

A

wraps and cushions organs
its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
plays an important role in inflammation
holds and conveys tissue fluid

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25
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - areolar: location (3)

A

widely distributed under epithelia of the body, e.g. forma lamina propria of mucous membranes
packages organs
surrounds capillaries

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26
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - adipose: function (3)

A

provides reserve fuel
insulates against heat loss
supports and protects organs

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27
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - adipose: location

A

under the skin
around kidneys and eyes
within abdomen
in breasts

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28
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - reticular: function

A

fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

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29
Q

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - reticular: location

A

lymphoid organs
lymphoid nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

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30
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense regular: function (3)

A

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
attaches bones to bones
withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

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31
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense regular: location

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

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32
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense irregular: function

A

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
provides structural strength

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33
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense irregular: location

A

fibrous capsules of organs and joints
dermis of the skin
submucosa of digestive tract

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34
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - elastic: function

A

allows for recoil of tissue following stretching
maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

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35
Q

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - elastic: location

A

walls of large arteries
within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column
within the walls of the bronchial tubes

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35
Q

types of connective tissue (4)

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
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36
Q

cartilage - hyaline: function

A

supports and reinforces
serves as resilient cushion
resists compressive stress

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37
Q

cartilage - hyaline: location

A

forms most of the embryonic skeleton
covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
forms costal cartilages of the ribs
cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

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38
Q

cartilage - elastic: function

A

maintains the shape of a structure white allowing great flexibility

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39
Q

cartilage - elastic: location

A

supports the external ear (auricle) and the epiglottis

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40
Q

cartilage - fibrocartilage: function

A

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

41
Q

cartilage - fibrocartilage: location

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
discs of knee joint

42
Q

connective tissue - bone: function

A

supports and protects (by enclosing)
provides levers for the muscles to act on
stores calcium and other minerals and fat
marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation

43
Q

connective tissue - blood: function

A

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

44
Q

connective tissue - blood: location

A

contained within blood vessels

45
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

46
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary muscle that is striated in appearance

47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscle found in the heart

48
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary visceral muscle that lines the walls of hollow organs

49
Q

muscle - skeletal: function

A

voluntary movement
locomotion
manipulation of the environment
facial expressions
voluntary control

50
Q

muscle - skeletal: location

A

in skeletal muscles attached to bones, occasionally to skin

51
Q

muscle - cardiac: function

A

as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation
involuntary control

52
Q

muscle - cardiac: location

A

walls of the heart

53
Q

muscle - smooth: function

A

propels substances or objects (foodstuff, urine, a baby) along internal passageways
involuntary control

54
Q

muscle - smooth: location

A

mostly in the walls of hollow organs

55
Q

nervous tissue: function

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands)
supporting cells support and protect neurons

56
Q

nervous tissue: location

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

57
Q

functions of the skin (5)

A
  1. protect against mechanical/chemical damage and bacterial invasion
  2. insulate against heat/cold, dissipates heat
  3. cushions body tissue
  4. prevent water loss/excretes wastes (urea, salts, water)
  5. site for vitamin D synthesis
58
Q

the skin is composed of two main layers

A

epidermis
dermis

59
Q

the epidermis consists of _____ major layers

60
Q

what are the five major layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
61
Q

stratum corneum

A

first layer of skin
outermost layer (20-30 cells thick), accounts for bulk of the epidermal thickness
essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
glycolipids in extracellular space

62
Q

stratum lucidum

A

very thin, clear, layer that exists in thick skin and NOT present in thin skin
(second layer of thick skin)

63
Q

stratum granulosum

A

layer 3 in thick skin, layer 2 in thin skin
thin layer containing granules that provide waterproofing and support
generally 1-5 layers
organelles are deteriorating
full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules

64
Q

stratum spinosum

A

layer 4 of thick skin, layer 3 of thin skin
several cells thick, cells in lower layer is able to get nutrients and undergo cell division
keratinocytes joined by desmosomes
cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

65
Q

stratum basale

A

5th layer of epithelium
innermost layer, single cell thickness, cells undergo mitotic division
newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

66
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue region
hypodermis/superficial fascia is composed of primarily of adipose tissue and lies underneath the dermis

67
Q

how many layers does the dermis have?

68
Q

what are the layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

69
Q

papillary layer

A

superficial layer composed of areolar connective tissue
pain receptors (free nerve endings) and Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors found in hairless skin) are located here

70
Q

reticular layer

A

deepest layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue containing many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors)

71
Q

what is skin color dependent on? (3)

A

melanin, carotene, and oxygenation of the blood

72
Q

what could changes in skin color indicate? (5)

A
  1. hypertension: flushed skin
  2. anemia: pale skin
  3. asphyxiation/lung disease: cyanosis, bluish skin
  4. liver disease: jaundice, yellow skin
  5. Addison’s disease: hyposecretion from adrenal cortex, bronze skin
73
Q

since the epidermis lacks blood vessels, nutrients/wastes are received/removed by diffusion to blood supply from the _____

74
Q

In bedridden patients, the blood supply to the skin is restricted causing what to occur?

A

skin cell death and can result in bedsores (decubitus ulcers)

75
Q

what is the inner core of hair called?

76
Q

what surrounds the medulla in a hair follicle?

A

the cortex

77
Q

what covers the cortex of the hair follicle?

A

the cuticle

78
Q

what is hair within the follicle called?

79
Q

what is hair emerging from the scalp called?

80
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

simple squamous epithelium

81
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

82
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

simple columnar epithelium

83
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

84
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

86
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

87
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

transitional epithelium

88
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

embryonic connective tissues - mesenchyme

89
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - areolar

90
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - adipose

91
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - reticular

92
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense regular

93
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - dense irregular

94
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue - elastic

95
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

cartilage - hyaline

96
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

cartilage - elastic

97
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

cartilage - fibrocartilage

98
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

bone - osseous tissue

99
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

connective tissue - blood

100
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

skeletal muscle

101
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

cardiac muscle

102
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

nervous tissue

104
Q

Label this figure.

105
Q

Label this figure.

Anatomy and Physiology I Lab (14 decks)

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