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Anatomy and Physiology I Lab > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

1
Q

fibrous joints

A

joined by fibrous tissues

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2
Q

two major types of fibrous joints

A

sutures and syndesmoses

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3
Q

fibrous joints: sutures

A

interlock bones of the skull

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4
Q

fibrous joints: syndesmoses

A

articulating bones are connected by short ligaments

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5
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

articulating bones are connected by cartilage plate or pad

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6
Q

two major types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses and synchondroses

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7
Q

cartilaginous joints: symphyses

A

bones connected by broad, flat, fibrocartilage discs

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8
Q

cartilaginous joints: synchondroses

A

bony portions united by hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

synovial joints are _____

A

diarthroses, aka free moving

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10
Q

synovial joints

A

articulating bone ends separated by joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

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11
Q

synovial joint: articular capsule

A

encloses the joint surface, is reinforced by ligaments; may contain bursae (fluid sacs); may contain fibrocartilage pads (articular discs)

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12
Q

synovial joint: fibrous capsule

A

outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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13
Q

synovial joint: articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

covers bone ends at the joint

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14
Q

synovial joint: joint cavity

A

encompassed by articular cartilage (covers the epiphysis of bones) and synovial membrane; filled with synovial fluid

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15
Q

synovial joint type: plane

A

flat surface
- intercarpal/tarsal joints

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16
Q

synovial joint type: hinge

A

round end to concave surface
- elbow and interphalangeal joints

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17
Q

synovial joint type: pivot

A

round/conical bone to shallow depression/foramen
- atlas and axis

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18
Q

synovial joint type: condyloid/ellipsoidal

A

oval condyle to ellipsoidal depression
- radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalangeal joints

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19
Q

synovial joint type: saddle

A

saddle shaped, one convex, one concave
- metacarpal and trapezium of the wrist

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20
Q

synovial joint type: ball and socket

A

ball-shaped head fits into cup-like depression
- shoulder

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21
Q

flexion

A

decreases the joint angle

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22
Q

extension

A

increases the joint angle

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23
Q

hyperextension

A

increase joint angle over 180 degrees

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24
Q

abduction

A

limb away from midline

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25
Q

adduction

A

limb towards midline

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26
Q

rotation

A

movement around longitudinal axis

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27
Q

circumduction

A

distal end moves in a circle

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28
Q

pronation

A

palm from anterior to posterior

29
Q

supination

A

palm from posterior to anterior

30
Q

inversion

A

medial turn of the sole of the foot

31
Q

eversion

A

lateral turn of the sole of the foot

32
Q

dorsiflexion

A

ankle joint flexes upward to raise toes

33
Q

plantar flexion

A

ankle joint flexes downward to lower the toes (pointing your toes)

34
Q

muscel fibers

A

multinucleated cells

35
Q

myofibrils

A

contractile units; actin and myosin

36
Q

thin filaments

37
Q

thick filaments

38
Q

sarcomere

A

smallest functional contractile unit of muscle (between two Z lines)

39
Q

transverse (T) tubule

A

indentation of the sarcolemma forms a tubule at the A/I band junction

40
Q

A band

A

region of sarcomere containing thick filaments (dark band)

41
Q

I band

A

regino of the sarcomere containing thin filaments (light band0

42
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

muscle cell’s smooth endoplasmic reticulum, used to store calcium ions

43
Q

triad

A

structure consisting of two terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubule between them

44
Q

Z disc

A

the scaffolding of the I band (light band)

45
Q

H zone

A

space between two Z discs

46
Q

M line

A

scaffolding holding the thick filaments together

47
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue that ensheaths muscle fibers

48
Q

perimysium

A

collagen membrane that bundles together ensheathed muscle fibers

49
Q

fascicle

A

bundles of muscle fibers and their endomysium and perimysium

50
Q

blood vessels feeding the muscles are found between individual _____

51
Q

epimysium

A

dense connective tissue that fascicle bundles are held together by

52
Q

aponeuroses

A

flattened sheet of tendon

53
Q

what three things combine to form tendons?

A

extensions of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

54
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and the muscles fibers it targets

55
Q

synaptic cleft

A

fluid filled gap between the nerve axon terminal and muscle fiber

56
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

area where a neuron’s axon interacts with muscle cells

57
Q

muscle contraction: step 1

A

Release of a chemical transmitter called a neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine) from the neuron’s synaptic terminal. The acetylcholine enters into the synaptic cleft (space between
nerve and muscle)

58
Q

muscle contraction: step 2

A

cetylcholine signals the muscle fiber depolarizes (muscle fiber temporarily becomes positively charged)

59
Q

muscle contraction: step 3

A

Muscle depolarization causes Ca2+ release from
the sarcoplasmic reticulum (located inside the muscle cell).

60
Q

muscle contraction: step 4

A

The released Ca2+ enters the inside of the muscle fiber and “unlocks” the thin filament so it can interact with the thick filament

61
Q

muscle contraction: step 5

A

Thick/thin filament are now able to interact and “slide along” each other, causing muscle contraction (this uses energy in the form of ATP)

62
Q

two ways muscle contraction force can be increased

A
  1. motor unit recruitment: increasing the active number of motor units
  2. increasing the stimulus frequency
63
Q

muscle contraction: latent phase

A

time between stimulation and beginning of contraction

64
Q

muscle contraction: contraction phase

A

myofilaments (thick/thin filaments) sliding

65
Q

muscle contraction: relaxation phase

A

end of contraction, muscle returns to normal length

66
Q

muscle fatigue

A

occurs from prolonged sustained muscle contraction; results from not enough energy (ATP) available for muscle contraction

67
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle length does not change, force is different

68
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle length changes, force is the same

Anatomy and Physiology I Lab (14 decks)

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