Lesson 5 Flashcards
the vertebral column consists of _____ vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs composed of _____
24, fibrocartilage
regional characteristics - cervical: body
small, wide side to side
regional characteristics - cervical: spinous process
short; bifid; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics - cervical: vertebral foramen
triangular
regional characteristics - cervical: transverse process
contains foramina
regional characteristics - cervical: superior and inferior articulating processes
superior facets directed superoposteriorly
inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
regional characteristics - cervical vertebra: movements allowed
- flexion and extension
- lateral flexion
- rotation
- spine region with the greatest range of movement
regional characteristics - thoracic: body
larger than cervical; heart shaped; bears costal facets
regional characteristics - thoracic: spinous process
large, sharp, projects inferiorly
regional characteristics - thoracic vertebra: vertebral foramen
circular
regional characteristics - thoracic: transverse processes
have costal facets for ribs
regional characteristics - thoracic: superior and inferior articulating processes
superior facets directly posteriorly
inferior facets directed anteriorly
regional characteristics - thoracic vertebra: movements allowed
- rotation
- lateral flexion is possible, but restricted by the ribs
- flexion and extension limited
regional characteristics - lumbar vertebra: body
massive, kidney shaped
regional characteristics - lumbar: spinous process
short, blunt; projects directly posteriorly
regional characteristics - lumbar: vertebral foramen
triangular
regional characteristics - lumbar: transverse process
thin and tapered
regional characteristics - lumbar: superior and inferior articulating processes
superior facets directed posteromedially
inferior facets directed anterolaterally
regional characteristics - lumbar: movements allowed
- flexion and extension
- some lateral flexion
- rotation prevented
cervical curvature
C1 - C7
thoracic curvature
- convex
- T1 - T12
lumbar curvature
concave
- L1 - L5
sacral curvature
convex
- five fused vertebrae just above the coccyx
coccyx
four fused vertebrae at the very bottom of the spine
C1 vertebrae
atlas
- lacks body and spinous process allowing the head to nod
C2 vertebrae
axis
- has dens for head rotation
dens/odontoid process
for head rotation
- a nob like process between the superior articular facets
C1 - C7 distinguishing features (3)
- triangular vertebral foramen
- transverse processes contain foramen/foramina for vertebral arteries traveling to the brain
- C7 is a landmark for counting vertebrae
vertebra prominens
C7 vertebrae
Label this figure.
T1 - T12 distinguishing features (4)
- heart shaped body
- small articular surfaces/costal facets articulates with head of rib
- round/oval vertebral foramen
- transverse costal facets articulate with rib tubercles
Label this figure
L1 - L5 distinguishing features (5)
- block-like body and short, thick spinous process
- superior articulating process pointing posteromedial
- inferior articular process pointing anterolateral
- spinal cord ends at superior area of L2
- spinal/lumbar ‘tap’ is performed between L3/L4 or L4/L5 to minimize injury to spinal cord (also epidurals)
Label this figure.
intervertebral foramen
a foramen between the inferior notch of a superior vertebra and the superior notch of an inferior vertebral where nerves enter and exit the spinal cord
sacrum prominent features (5)
- sacral promontory
- median sacral crest
- ala
- transverse ridges
- anterior/posterior sacral foramina
sacral promontory
the superior facet of the sacral that connects to the superior vertebrae
median sacral crest
bumps on the posterior of the sacral, gives it the “spine” look
ala
on either side of the sacral promontory; looks like the ‘wings’ of the sacral
transverse ridges
on the anterior of the sacral, show divisions between fused vertebrae
anterior/posterior sacral foramina
foramen (holes) that line either side of the sacral
how is the coccyx attached to the sacral?
ligaments
spinal curvatures: primary curvatures
- present at birth
- thoracic and sacral
spinal curvatures: secondary curvatures
- develop after birth
- cervical and lumbar curvatures
the cervical curvatures allows a baby to do what?
hold up its head
the lumbar curvature allows a baby to do what?
walk
abnormal curvatures: scoliosis
lateral thoracic spine curvature
abnormal curvatures: kyphosis
excessive posterior thoracic curvature
abnormal curvatures: lordosis
excessive lumbar curvature
the thorax is composed of three main sections
- sternum
- ribs
- thoracic vertebrae
sternum
- attaches to the first seven pairs of ribs
- a fusion of three bones
sternum: manubrium
articulates with the clavicle; portion just under the jugular notch
sternum: gladiolus
body, bulk of the sternum
sternum: xiphoid process
located at the inferior end, made of hyaline cartilage in children, usually ossified in adults (bottom of the sternum)
three important sternal landmarks
- jugular notch
- sternal angle
- xiphisternal joint
sternum: jugular notch
at the level of the third thoracic vertebra, the superior portion of the sternum
stenum: sternal angle
at the level of the 2nd and 5th thoracic vertebrae; connects the manubrium to the sternal body
stenum: xiphisternal joint
at the level of the diaphragm and 9th thoracic vertebra; connects the xiphoid process to the sternal body
vertebrosternal ribs
true ribs
- attach to the sternum through their own costal cartilage
vertebrochondral ribs
false ribs
- 8-10 attach to the sternum through the costal cartilage of rib 7
- 11/12 are floating ribs and do not attach to the sternum
