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Pelvic Pathology > Lesson 6 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Lesson 6 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of a thick endometrium? (7)

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Hyperplasia
    - cystic
  3. Polyps
  4. Carcinoma
  5. Fibroids
    - submucosal or intra-cavity
    - appear thick, but it is coming from the myometrium is a cause of bleeding
  6. Endometritis
  7. Adhesions
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2
Q

What are causes of uterine bleeding in peri/postmenopausal bleeding? (5)

A
  1. Hormone imbalance
  2. Abnormal growths
  3. Systemic diseases
  4. Endometrial polyps
  5. Atrophy
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3
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of a thick endometrium? (3)

A
  1. Polyp
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Carcinoma
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4
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of thin endometrium?

A

Atrophy

- on a postmenopausal female

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5
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of hyper echoic? (3)

A
  1. Polyp
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
    - thin line
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6
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of inhomogenous?

A

Carcinoma

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7
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of homogenous? (2)

A
  1. Hyperplasia

2. Polyp

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8
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of well defined? (2)

A
  1. Hyperplasia

2. Polyp

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9
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of cystic changes within?

A

Cystic hyperplasia

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10
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of focal or diffuse?

A

Polyp

- but could also be carcinoma

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11
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of irregular borders?

A

Carcinoma

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12
Q

Typical sonographic appearance of invading the myometrium?

A

Carcinoma

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13
Q

What distinguishes a polyp from submucosal fibroid sonographically? (6)

A
  1. Polyp is hyper echoic
  2. Polyp has a stalk
    - pedicle —> vascular
  3. Polyp is homogeneous
  4. Polyp arises from the endometrium
  5. Submucosal fibroid displaces the endometrium
  6. Submucosal fibroid is heterogeneous and has no stalk = no colour, and is hypo echoic)
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14
Q

PMB

A

Postmenopausal bleeding

- symptomatic

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15
Q

What is the most likely cause of PMB?

A

Endometrial atrophy

- less than 5mm

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16
Q

What is considered an abnormal endometrial measurement associated with PMB?

A

5mm or less

17
Q

How can a sonographer tell if it is endometrial cancer?

A

They cant tell, they need to biopsy

18
Q

What endometrial measurement is considered normal in an asymptomatic patient?

A

8mm or less

19
Q

What measurement would they biopsy and why? (2)

A
  1. Measure = over 11mm
  2. Biopsy = correlates with a person bleeding
    - bleeding is symptomatic
20
Q

Name an ultrasound procedure that is ordered to provide more information regarding the endometrium

A

Sonohysteropgraphy

21
Q

Sonohysteropgraphy

A

Sterile saline into the endometrial cavity under the ultrasound guidance

22
Q

Name 2 types of endometrial biopsy’s and reason for doing one over the other?

A
  1. Blind/ non directed
    - cant see
  2. Hysteroscope
    - allows to see
23
Q

When is the best time to evaluate a menstruating women endometrium? (1) Why? (2)

A
  1. When the endometrium is thin
    - early proliferative
  2. Trying to find congenital anomalies
  3. Trying to see if something is there that doesn’t belong
    - we can see it the best here
    this does not matter for a postmenopausal women
24
Q

What are common indications for an ovarian US? (4)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Palpable Mass
  3. Irregular bleeding
  4. Family history of ovarian tumour or cancer
25
Q

What are we looking for in an ovarian US? (5)

A
  1. Ectopic pregnancy
    - if patient has positive B-hcg
  2. Cysts
  3. Tumours
  4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  5. Appendicitis
26
Q

What method of US is really good at looking at the ovaries?

A

Transvaginal

27
Q

Why is a transvaginal a better method of looking at the ovaries?

A
  1. Better details
  2. Not always seen transabdominally
    - due to bowel and gas
28
Q

What do normal follicles usually measure up to?

A
  1. 5cm at maturity

- found 1st half of the menstrual cycle

29
Q

What happens with a follicular cyst?

A

The mature follicle fails to ovulate or involute

30
Q

What is the most common cause of ovarian enlargement in young women? (3)

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Corpus luteal
  3. Theca luteal
31
Q

How does a follicular cyst develop?

A

If fluid in a nondominant follicle fails to resorb

Pelvic Pathology (21 decks)

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