Lesson 5 (Part 1) Flashcards
Is fluid within the endometrial normal? (2)
- A small amount is ok
2. Large amounts can be either benign or malignant
Where do you measure for the endometrial when there is fluid? (2)
- Measure either side of the fluid and add them together
2. Measure the whole thing and subtract the fluid measurement
What is an indication for a pelvic US specific for the endometrium?
Bleeding
- irregular
- heavy
- spotting
Metro
In between
If bleeding is not cause by the myometrium or endometrium, then what else can cause it?
Bleeding can come from the fibroids in the submucosal region
What are causes of endometrial thickening? (8)
- Pregnancy
- Retained products of conception
- Fibroids
- submucosal or intracavitary - Endometritis
- Adhesions
- Hyperplasia
- Polyps
- Carcinoma
What are ashesions?
Scar tissues
When can endometritis occur? (3)
- Postpartum
- After D&C
- Associated with pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
How does the endometrium appear sonographically? (3)
- Thick and/or irregular
- May or may not contain fluid
- Gas with acoustic shadowing
When is the best time to see a polyp in the endometrium?
In the early proliferative phase where the endometrium is as thin as possible
What are causes of abnormal bleeding from the endometrium? (4)
- Hyperplasia
- Polyps
- Endometrial Carcinoma
- rare Endometrial Sarcoma - Atrophy
Endometrial hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells that lead to an over growth of endometrial glands
- irregular shape and size
What are 2 common types of endometrial hyperplasia seen on US?
- Hyperplasia
2. Cystic Hyperplasia
What are 2 common types of endometrial hyperplasia seen on US?
- Hyperplasia
2. Cystic Hyperplasia
What is the most common reason for hyperplasia?
Unopposed estrogen stimulation in peri/postmenopausal women
What is less common in peri/postmenopausal women and less common in reproductive years? (4)
- Anovulatory cycles
- Polycystic ovarian disease
- Obese women
- increase in estrogens - Estrogen producing tumors
What is a common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding?
Hyperplasia
What is a symptom of hyperplasia?
Uterine bleeding
How does hyperplasia appear on US? (4)
- Thick
- Echogenic
- Well defined endometrium
- May have cystic areas
- cystic hyperplasia
What are 3 differential diagnosis for hyperplasia?
- Diffuse polyps
- Endometrial carcinoma
- Endometrial atrophy that is displaying cystic components
- makes look thick
Are endometrial polyps benign or malignant?
Benign
- common
- single/multiple
Where do endometrial polyps growth project?
Into the cavity
Are endometrial polyps pedunculated and broad based?
Yes
Who do endometrial polyps increase in?
Peri/postmenopausal women
Is endometrial polyps symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic
- sometimes bleeding
What is the sonographic appearance of endometrial polyps? (3)
- Typically has an echogenic focal area within the endometrial
- Endometrial thickening
3, If has the same echogenicity as the endometrium probably a polyp
What kind of appearance does a focal hyperechoic nodule have?
Tripe layer appearance
- late proliferative stage
