Lesson 5- Urban Decline Flashcards
What is urban decline?
The deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance
-often accompanied by a decline in population numbers
-decreasing economic performance
What are the different job sectors?
- Primary-collection of raw materials
- Secondary-manufacturing
- Tertiary- a service
- Quaternary-high tech research development
How have the job sectors changed over time (UK)?
- Primary sector dominated pre-industrialisation- 70%
- Industrialisation saw large spike in tertiary sector
- Exponential decline in primary sector-around 10% now
- Post industrialisation huge launch of quaternary sector
Deindustrialisation
Referes to the loss of jobs in maufacturing
-Sheffields steel industry is an example
-process began in Western nations from 50’s
Manufacturing jobs stats in the UK?
- 1978- 6.71 million
- 1995-4.20 million
- 2015-2.65 million
What are the causes of deindustrialisation?
- Mechanisation
- Reduced demand
- Foreign competition
Environmental imapcts of deindustrialisation
- Long term pollution of land from ‘dirty’ industries such as dye works due to lack of money for land remediation
- Potential reduction of noise, land and water pollution and reduced traffic congestion
- Derelict land and buildings
Economic impacts of deindustrialisation
- Loss of jobs and disposable incomes
- Increase in state benefits
- Increase in unemployment
- De-multiplyer effect/ loss of tax revenue
Social impacts of deindustrialisation
- Out-migration of better qualified and prosperous people
- Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alchol and drug abuse
- Loss of confidence and morale in local population
De-multiplyer effect
When an area sees a continuous economic decline and a degradation of the built environment due to a reduction in investement and earnings
-factory closes>loss of jobs>low disposable income>shops close
Solution to deindustrialisation
- Rise of service economy
-tertiary activities like financial services
-quaternary activities where knoiwledge and ideas are the main source of output
-expansion of this sector has been evident all overe the world with the sshift of the manufacturing sector to service
Current employer mix in the UK?
- Primary-5%
- Secondary-13%
- Tertiary-82%
Why has the service economy grown?
- More wealth means people have more disposable income so bigger demand for services
- More technonlgy advanced societies require a large variety of specialised services
Is the service economy a good solution to deindustrialisation?
- Many people (men) who lost jobs in primary sector lack transferable skills to the service sector
- Many service sector jobs that have been created are part time or temporary
Decentralisation
Movement of shops, offices and industry away from inner city areas in HIC’s and NEE’s into the suburbs
Similary to suburbanisation but buisinesses
