Lesson 5: Classifications and Phylogeny of Animals Flashcards
The practice of categorizing organism according to similar features goes back to ______________.
Aristotle
______________, is to produce a formal system for naming and classifying species to illustrate their evolutionary relationships.
Goal of Taxonomy
The species being classified contains the defining feature of a certain a certain taxonomic group
Classification
The characteristic of a species support the hypothesis that it descends from the most recent common ancestor of the taxonomic group
Systematization
Who designed the hierarchical classification system in 18th century?
Carolus Linnaeus
Hierarchical Classification System
KPC OFGS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The major group of organisms.
Taxa (singular = taxon)
the system Linnaeus developed for naming species.
Binomial nomenclature
__________ is to determine the phylogeny.
Goal of systematics
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
phylogeny
Phylogenies are inferred by identifying the organismal features, characters, taht vary among species. What are these characters?
MCM BEH
Morphological
Chromosomal
Molecular
Behavioral or Ecological
Homology
_____________ are shared characters that result from common ancestry.
Homologous Characters
__________ are shared characters that are not a result of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters.
Homoplasies/Homoplasy
This characters can result from convergent evolution.
Homoplasies
__________ occurs when natural selection, working under similar environmental pressures, produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organism from different evolutionary lineages.
Convergent Evolution
When trying to determine evolutionary relationships (inferring a phylogeny), we only want to consider _____________ as _____________ can create errors.
Homologous Characters
Homoplasies
A homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade.
Shared primitive character
This character is shared by more than just the taxon we are trying to define.
Shared Primitive Character
A new evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group.
Shared derived character
these are rhetorical features that are most useful for determining evolutionary relationships.
Shared derived character
the form of the character that was present in the common ancestor of the group.
Ancestral Character State
Variations of the character that arose later are called _____________.
Derived Character States
_____________ is determined by using outgroup comparison.
Polarity
Versions of this trait is ancestral
Di ako sure if tama ba pag question
Polarity
An ___________ is closely related, but not part of the group being examined which is the _________.
Outgroup
Ingroup
___________ is one that is found in both the study group and the outgroup
Ancestral Character
___________ are those found in the study groups but not the outgroups.
Derived character group
Groups that share derived characters and form a subset within a larger group
Clades
Unit of common evolutionary descent
Clade
A derived character that is shared by all the members of the clade.
Synapomorphy
Ancestral character states for a taxon are called ___________.
plesiomorphic
___________ are shared ancestral characters.
symplesiomorphies
It does not provide useful formation for forming a nested series of clades
Symplesiomorphies
The nested hierarchy of clades can be shown as a _____________ that is based on _____________.
Cladogram
synapomorphies
A valid clade is _____________, it consist of the ancestor species and all its descendants.
Monophyletic
A ____________ clade consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.
paraphyletic
A _____________ clade includes many species that lack a common ancestor.
polophyletic
A taxonomic theory that is based on cladograms.
Cladistics
Other term for cladistics
Phylogenetic systematics
In cladistics, all taxa must be _____________!
monophyletic
_____________ is based on common descent and the amount of evolutionary change to rank higher taxa
Traditional Evolutionary taxonomy
Traditional evolutionary taxonomy sometimes include _____________ groupings.
Paraphyletic
Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are bow all included together in one monophyletic family called _____________.
Homonidae
A pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other.
Sister Group
Humans and chimpanzees form a _____________.
sister group
Important difference Cladistics vs Evolutionary Taxonomy
Traditional evolutionary taxonomy sometimes accepts paraphyletic clades, while cladistics does not.
Similarities between Cladistics and Evolutionary Taxonomy?
- Both accepts monophyletic clades
- Both reject polyphyletic clades
