Lesson 2: The Reproductive Process Flashcards
Reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent (offspring are all clones of the same parent).
Asexual Reproduction
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
- Large number of offsprings can be produced quickly.
- In a stable or predictable environment, all the offspring will be adapted to that environment.
Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction
In an unstable or unpredictable environment, offsprings may not be adapted to different conditions.
The combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to perform genetically unique offsprings.
Sexual Reproduction
Advantage of Sexual Reproduction
Offsprings may survive and reproduce in an unpredictable or changing environment.
Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction
They need a partner of opposite sex to reproduce.
4 Ways that Animals Produce Asexually
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Fission is also called ___________
Binary Fission
It is when an organism appears to split itself into two parts and, if necessary regenerate the missing parts.
Fission (Binary Fission)
Examples of Animals that can reproduce through fission
Turbellarian Flatworms (planarians)
- Dugesia dorotocephala
Sea anemones
- Anthopleura artemisia
A form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the “bud”
Budding
Example of animals that reproduce through budding reproduction.
Hydras and Corals
A type of reproduction where it involves the breaking of two individuals into parts followed by regeneration.
Fragmentation
Fragmentation may occur through _______,_______, or as _________.
Accidental Damage
Damage from Predators
Natural Form of Reproduction
Examples of animals that can reproduce through fragmentation
Sea stars
sponges, turbellarians, echinoderms, annelids etc.
A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without being fertilized.
Parthenogenesis
Examples of animals that reproduce through parthenogenesis.
Ants
Bees
Water Fleas
Rotifers
Ants, bees, and wasps use parthenogenesis to produce __________.
haploid males (drones)
They are the result of a fertilized egg in parthenogenesis.
Diploid Females (workers and queens)
It occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems.
Hermaphroditism
Examples of animals that reproduce through hermaphroditism.
Earthworms
slugs
tapeworms
snails
Mammalian sex is determine genetically bu the combination of ____________.
Homozygous for X (XX) are _________
Heterozygous for XY are __________
X and Y chromosomes.
female
male
Bird sex determination is dependent on the combination of ______________.
Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a _______.
Heterozygous for(ZW) results in a _________
Z and W chromosomes.
male
female
What type of sex determination when it is dependent on the temperature?
Temperature-dependent sex determination
or
Environmental Sex Determination
Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, switching from one to the other.
If the individual is female first, it is termed _____________; If it is male first, it is termed __________.
Protogyny
Protandry
The fusion of sperm and egg is a process called _________.
Fertilization
2 Types of Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization
External fertilization usually occurs in ___________, where both eggs and sperm are released into the ________.
Aquatic environment
Water
Internal fertilization occurs most often in _______________ animals.
terrestrial
3 ways of internal fertilization.
Oviparity
Ovoviparity
Viviparity
Type of fertilization where fertilized eggs are retained in the female, and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the ____________.
Ovoviparity
egg’s yolk
A type of fertilization where the young are born alive, they obtain their nourishment from the ________.
Viviparity
Female
A type of fertilization where fertilized egg are laid outside the female body, and receives nourishment from the _______
Oviparity
Yolk
Where does oviparity usually occurs?
Birds
some bony fishies
some amphibians and reptiles
Most non-avian reptiles and insects produce _____________.
leathery eggs
Birds and some turtles produce egg with high concentrations of __________ in the shell, making them hard.
Calcium carbonate
Where does ovoviparity fertilization usually occurs?
Platyfish
In some sharks, lizards,
and some snakes
Viviparity fertilization usually occurs in most _________
mammals
