Lesson 2: The Reproductive Process

Question 1

Reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent (offspring are all clones of the same parent).

Answer 1

Asexual Reproduction

Question 2

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 2

1. Large number of offsprings can be produced quickly.
2. In a stable or predictable environment, all the offspring will be adapted to that environment.

Question 3

Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 3

In an unstable or unpredictable environment, offsprings may not be adapted to different conditions.

Question 4

The combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to perform genetically unique offsprings.

Answer 4

Sexual Reproduction

Question 5

Advantage of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 5

Offsprings may survive and reproduce in an unpredictable or changing environment.

Question 6

Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 6

They need a partner of opposite sex to reproduce.

Question 7

4 Ways that Animals Produce Asexually

Answer 7

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis

Question 8

Fission is also called ___________

Answer 8

Binary Fission

Question 9

It is when an organism appears to split itself into two parts and, if necessary regenerate the missing parts.

Answer 9

Fission (Binary Fission)

Question 10

Examples of Animals that can reproduce through fission

Answer 10

Turbellarian Flatworms (planarians)
- Dugesia dorotocephala

Sea anemones
- Anthopleura artemisia

Question 11

A form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the “bud”

Answer 11

Budding

Question 12

Example of animals that reproduce through budding reproduction.

Answer 12

Hydras and Corals

Question 13

A type of reproduction where it involves the breaking of two individuals into parts followed by regeneration.

Answer 13

Fragmentation

Question 14

Fragmentation may occur through _______,_______, or as _________.

Answer 14

Accidental Damage
Damage from Predators
Natural Form of Reproduction

Question 15

Examples of animals that can reproduce through fragmentation

Answer 15

Sea stars

sponges, turbellarians, echinoderms, annelids etc.

Question 16

A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without being fertilized.

Answer 16

Parthenogenesis

Question 17

Examples of animals that reproduce through parthenogenesis.

Answer 17

Ants
Bees
Water Fleas
Rotifers

Question 18

Ants, bees, and wasps use parthenogenesis to produce __________.

Answer 18

haploid males (drones)

Question 19

They are the result of a fertilized egg in parthenogenesis.

Answer 19

Diploid Females (workers and queens)

Question 20

It occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems.

Answer 20

Hermaphroditism

Question 21

Examples of animals that reproduce through hermaphroditism.

Answer 21

Earthworms
slugs
tapeworms
snails

Question 22

Mammalian sex is determine genetically bu the combination of ____________.

Homozygous for X (XX) are _________
Heterozygous for XY are __________

Answer 22

X and Y chromosomes.

female
male

Question 23

Bird sex determination is dependent on the combination of ______________.

Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a _______.
Heterozygous for(ZW) results in a _________

Answer 23

Z and W chromosomes.

male
female

Question 24

What type of sex determination when it is dependent on the temperature?

Answer 24

Temperature-dependent sex determination

or

Environmental Sex Determination

Question 25

Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, switching from one to the other.

If the individual is female first, it is termed _____________; If it is male first, it is termed __________.

Answer 25

Protogyny
Protandry

Question 26

The fusion of sperm and egg is a process called _________.

Answer 26

Fertilization

Question 27

2 Types of Fertilization

Answer 27

Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization

Question 28

External fertilization usually occurs in ___________, where both eggs and sperm are released into the ________.

Answer 28

Aquatic environment
Water

Question 29

Internal fertilization occurs most often in _______________ animals.

Answer 29

terrestrial

Question 30

3 ways of internal fertilization.

Answer 30

Oviparity
Ovoviparity
Viviparity

Question 31

Type of fertilization where fertilized eggs are retained in the female, and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the ____________.

Answer 31

Ovoviparity
egg’s yolk

Question 32

A type of fertilization where the young are born alive, they obtain their nourishment from the ________.

Answer 32

Viviparity
Female

Question 33

A type of fertilization where fertilized egg are laid outside the female body, and receives nourishment from the _______

Answer 33

Oviparity
Yolk

Question 34

Where does oviparity usually occurs?

Answer 34

Birds
some bony fishies
some amphibians and reptiles

Question 35

Most non-avian reptiles and insects produce _____________.

Answer 35

leathery eggs

Question 36

Birds and some turtles produce egg with high concentrations of __________ in the shell, making them hard.

Answer 36

Calcium carbonate

Question 37

Where does ovoviparity fertilization usually occurs?

Answer 37

Platyfish
In some sharks, lizards,
and some snakes

Question 38

Viviparity fertilization usually occurs in most _________

Answer 38

mammals