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VZOO Lec Exam > Lesson 3: Principles of Development > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Principles of Development Flashcards

1
Q

A series of progressive changes in an individual from its beginning to maturity.

A

Development

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2
Q

Development begins when a fertilized egg divides _________.

A

mitotically

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3
Q

Specialization occurs as a __________.

A

hierarchy of developmental “decisions”

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4
Q

Many eggs release a ____________ that attracts sperm of the same species.

A

chemical molecule

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5
Q

Fertilization Process of Sea Urchins

A
  1. Contact and Recognition Between Egg and Sperm.
  2. Sea urchin sperm penetrate a jelly layer surrounding egg.
  3. Contacts the vitelline envelope
  4. Egg-recognition protein binds to species-specific sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope.
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6
Q

Thin membrane above the egg plasma membrane

A

Vitelline Envelope

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7
Q

It ensure that an egg recognizes only sperm of the same species

A

Egg-recognition protein
Species-specific sperm receptors

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8
Q

Stages of Development

A

GFC GOG

Gamete formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth

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9
Q

It is where sperm and egg form, mature

A

Gamete Formation

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10
Q

Fusion of egg and sperm

A

Fertilization

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11
Q

It is where the embryo divides repeatedly

A

Cleavage

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12
Q

What do you call when body organs form, cells interact, differentiate

A

Organogenesis

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13
Q

What do you call when organs increase in size, and adult body form obtained.

A

Growth

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14
Q

The entry of more than one sperm

A

Polyspermy

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15
Q

Preventions of Polyspermy

A
  1. Fertilization cone forms where the sperm contacts the vitelline membrane
  2. The cortical reaction follows
  3. Creates an osmotic gradient
  4. Elevates the envelope
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16
Q

In the sea urchin, an electrical potential rapidly spreads across the membrane called ________.

A

fast block

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17
Q

A fusion of thousands of enzyme-rich cortical granules with the egg membrane

A

Cortical Reaction

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18
Q

It is called ____________ when water rushes into space

A

Osmotic Gradient

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19
Q

After sperm and egg membranes fuse, sperm loses its ________.

A

flagellum

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20
Q

Fusion of male and female nuclei forms a ____________.

A

diploid zygote nucleus

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21
Q

Fertilized egg is called a ____________.

A

zygote

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22
Q

Large cytoplasmic mass converted into small maneuverable cells

A

Blastomeres

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23
Q

Cleavage crates a cluster of cells called

A

Blastula

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24
Q

Cleavage Types

A

Holoblastic
Meroblastic

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25
Q

A type of cleavage where cells divide sitting on top of yolk.
(Too much yolk and yolk can’t divide)

Examples are ________,________,______

A

Meroblastic

birds, reptiles, fish

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26
Q

Cleavage extends the entire length of the egg.
(Egg does not contain a lot of yolk)

Examples include _______, _______,_______

A

Holoblastic

Mammals, Sea Starts, Worms

27
Q

Egg Types and Cleavage

A

Isolecithal
Mesolecithal
Telolecithal

28
Q

An egg type where it contains a very little yolk, evenly distributed.

It uses ___________ cleavage - full cleavage

A

Isolecithal

Holoblastic Cleavage

29
Q

A type of egg it has moderate yolk and uses __________ cleavage.

A

Mesolecithal

Holoblastic Cleavage

30
Q

A type of egg where it has an abundance of yolk

it uses _______ cleavage- partial cleavage

A

Telolecithal

Meroblastic Cleavage

31
Q

During blastula stage, ___________ forms.

A

First germ layer

32
Q

Cells are arranged around a fluid-filled cavity called the

A

blastocoel

33
Q

It is a result in the formation of second germ layer

A

Gastrulation

34
Q

The only opening into the embryonic guy is the _________. It can either be _________ or __________ gut.

A

blastopore

Blind or Incomplete Gut

35
Q

An opening that does not fully extend to the other side.

A

Blind Gut

36
Q

An opening where it extends and produces a second opening, the _______.

A

Complete Gut

anus

37
Q

Animals with two germ layers are called

A

Diploblastic (Endoderm and Ectoderm)

38
Q

Animals with 3 germ layers are called

A

Triploblastic

39
Q

The 3rd germ layer forms between the ________ and the ________.

A

Endoderm and Ectoderm

40
Q

Mesoderm arises from __________.

A

Endoderm

41
Q

Gastrula has an ________ layer of ectoderm and an ________ layer of endoderm

A

Outer
Inner

42
Q

The internal cavity is called

A

Gastrocoel

43
Q

3 Germ Layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

44
Q

The ectoderm contains the _________ and _________ system.

A

Epithelium and Nervous System

45
Q

Endoderm contains the epithelial lining of the __________, and ________ tract, ________, _______.

A

Digestive and Respiratory Tract
Liver
Pancreas

46
Q

Mesoderm contains the _________ and __________ system, _______,_________,______.

A

Muscular and Reproductive System
Bone
Kidneys
Blood

47
Q

A body cavity surrounded by mesoderm

A

Coelom

48
Q

Animals without coelom are called

A

Acoelomates

49
Q

The method by which the coelom form is an ____________

A

inherited character

50
Q

2 Major Groups Triploblastic Animals

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

51
Q

4 Developmental Characters of Triploblastic Animals

A

Cleavage Patterns (radial or spiral)
Fate of Blastopore (mouth or anus)
Coelom Formation
Embryo Type (Regulative or Mosaic)

52
Q

Fate of Blastopore in Deuterostome Embryos

A

Develop a complete gut
Blastopore becomes the anus
Second opening becomes the mouth

53
Q

Fate of Blastopore in Protostome Embryos

A

Blastopore becomes the mouth
Anus forms from a second opening

54
Q

Mesoderm sides push outward and expand into a _______________

A

pouch-like compartment

55
Q

2 Groups of Eucoelomates

(Gi search ko sa internet para mas ma gets ko)

A

Enterocoely and Schizocoely

56
Q

In deuterostomes, the mesoderm pinches off to form the coelom in a process called __________.

A

enterocoely

57
Q

In protostomes, part of the mesoderm separates to form the coelom in a process called ___________.

A

schizocoely

58
Q

All vertebrate embryos shared chordate hallmarks. What are these?

A

NDPVD

Notochord
Dorsal Neutral Tube

Pharyngeal gill pouches with aortic arches

Ventral Heart
Post anal Tai

59
Q

Fluid-filled sad that encloses the embryo

A

Amnion

60
Q

4 Extraembryonic Membrane of Amniotic Egg

A

Amnion (surrounds the embryo)
Yolk Sac (stores yolk)
Allantois (stores metabolic waste)
Chorion (respiratory surface)

61
Q

Primitive mammals that lays egg

A

Monotremes

62
Q

Embryo born at an early stage

A

Marsupials

63
Q

It represent 94% of the class Mammalia

A

Placental Mammals

VZOO Lec Exam (21 decks)

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