Lesson 3: Principles of Development Flashcards
A series of progressive changes in an individual from its beginning to maturity.
Development
Development begins when a fertilized egg divides _________.
mitotically
Specialization occurs as a __________.
hierarchy of developmental “decisions”
Many eggs release a ____________ that attracts sperm of the same species.
chemical molecule
Fertilization Process of Sea Urchins
- Contact and Recognition Between Egg and Sperm.
- Sea urchin sperm penetrate a jelly layer surrounding egg.
- Contacts the vitelline envelope
- Egg-recognition protein binds to species-specific sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope.
Thin membrane above the egg plasma membrane
Vitelline Envelope
It ensure that an egg recognizes only sperm of the same species
Egg-recognition protein
Species-specific sperm receptors
Stages of Development
GFC GOG
Gamete formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth
It is where sperm and egg form, mature
Gamete Formation
Fusion of egg and sperm
Fertilization
It is where the embryo divides repeatedly
Cleavage
What do you call when body organs form, cells interact, differentiate
Organogenesis
What do you call when organs increase in size, and adult body form obtained.
Growth
The entry of more than one sperm
Polyspermy
Preventions of Polyspermy
- Fertilization cone forms where the sperm contacts the vitelline membrane
- The cortical reaction follows
- Creates an osmotic gradient
- Elevates the envelope
In the sea urchin, an electrical potential rapidly spreads across the membrane called ________.
fast block
A fusion of thousands of enzyme-rich cortical granules with the egg membrane
Cortical Reaction
It is called ____________ when water rushes into space
Osmotic Gradient
After sperm and egg membranes fuse, sperm loses its ________.
flagellum
Fusion of male and female nuclei forms a ____________.
diploid zygote nucleus
Fertilized egg is called a ____________.
zygote
Large cytoplasmic mass converted into small maneuverable cells
Blastomeres
Cleavage crates a cluster of cells called
Blastula
Cleavage Types
Holoblastic
Meroblastic
A type of cleavage where cells divide sitting on top of yolk.
(Too much yolk and yolk can’t divide)
Examples are ________,________,______
Meroblastic
birds, reptiles, fish
Cleavage extends the entire length of the egg.
(Egg does not contain a lot of yolk)
Examples include _______, _______,_______
Holoblastic
Mammals, Sea Starts, Worms
Egg Types and Cleavage
Isolecithal
Mesolecithal
Telolecithal
An egg type where it contains a very little yolk, evenly distributed.
It uses ___________ cleavage - full cleavage
Isolecithal
Holoblastic Cleavage
A type of egg it has moderate yolk and uses __________ cleavage.
Mesolecithal
Holoblastic Cleavage
A type of egg where it has an abundance of yolk
it uses _______ cleavage- partial cleavage
Telolecithal
Meroblastic Cleavage
During blastula stage, ___________ forms.
First germ layer
Cells are arranged around a fluid-filled cavity called the
blastocoel
It is a result in the formation of second germ layer
Gastrulation
The only opening into the embryonic guy is the _________. It can either be _________ or __________ gut.
blastopore
Blind or Incomplete Gut
An opening that does not fully extend to the other side.
Blind Gut
An opening where it extends and produces a second opening, the _______.
Complete Gut
anus
Animals with two germ layers are called
Diploblastic (Endoderm and Ectoderm)
Animals with 3 germ layers are called
Triploblastic
The 3rd germ layer forms between the ________ and the ________.
Endoderm and Ectoderm
Mesoderm arises from __________.
Endoderm
Gastrula has an ________ layer of ectoderm and an ________ layer of endoderm
Outer
Inner
The internal cavity is called
Gastrocoel
3 Germ Layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
The ectoderm contains the _________ and _________ system.
Epithelium and Nervous System
Endoderm contains the epithelial lining of the __________, and ________ tract, ________, _______.
Digestive and Respiratory Tract
Liver
Pancreas
Mesoderm contains the _________ and __________ system, _______,_________,______.
Muscular and Reproductive System
Bone
Kidneys
Blood
A body cavity surrounded by mesoderm
Coelom
Animals without coelom are called
Acoelomates
The method by which the coelom form is an ____________
inherited character
2 Major Groups Triploblastic Animals
Protostomes and Deuterostomes
4 Developmental Characters of Triploblastic Animals
Cleavage Patterns (radial or spiral)
Fate of Blastopore (mouth or anus)
Coelom Formation
Embryo Type (Regulative or Mosaic)
Fate of Blastopore in Deuterostome Embryos
Develop a complete gut
Blastopore becomes the anus
Second opening becomes the mouth
Fate of Blastopore in Protostome Embryos
Blastopore becomes the mouth
Anus forms from a second opening
Mesoderm sides push outward and expand into a _______________
pouch-like compartment
2 Groups of Eucoelomates
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Enterocoely and Schizocoely
In deuterostomes, the mesoderm pinches off to form the coelom in a process called __________.
enterocoely
In protostomes, part of the mesoderm separates to form the coelom in a process called ___________.
schizocoely
All vertebrate embryos shared chordate hallmarks. What are these?
NDPVD
Notochord
Dorsal Neutral Tube
Pharyngeal gill pouches with aortic arches
Ventral Heart
Post anal Tai
Fluid-filled sad that encloses the embryo
Amnion
4 Extraembryonic Membrane of Amniotic Egg
Amnion (surrounds the embryo)
Yolk Sac (stores yolk)
Allantois (stores metabolic waste)
Chorion (respiratory surface)
Primitive mammals that lays egg
Monotremes
Embryo born at an early stage
Marsupials
It represent 94% of the class Mammalia
Placental Mammals
